Table of Contents

Preface

Assumptions

Organization

Bulk Sales Information

xshowfonts.c

Acknowlegements

Font and Character Conventions

PART ONE: Using X

1 An Introduction to the X Window System

Anatomy of an X Display

X Architecture Overview

The X Display Server

Clients

The Window Manager

The xterm Terminal Emulator

The Display Manager

Other X Clients

Customizing Clients

2 Getting Started

If X is Being Started Automatically

Starting X Manually

Starting the First xterm Window

Bringing Up the Window Manager

Starting a Second xterm Window

Exiting from an xterm Window

Special Keys

How a Client Looks and Behaves: Application Defaults

Starting Other Clients

Running a Client on Another Machine

Where to Go From Here

3 Using the twm Window Manager

Starting the Window Manager

Titlebars

The Twm Menu

Displaying Windows as Icons

Resizing Windows

Moving Windows and Icons

Shuffling the Window Stack: Raise and Lower

Raising Windows (bringing in front of others)

Lowering Windows (sending behind others)

Changing Keyboard Focus

Removing a Window: Delete and Kill

Restarting the Window Manager

Exiting the Window Manager

Button Control of Window Manager Functions

Using twm to Place Other Clients

Customizing twm

Some of My Keystrokes are Missing

4 The xterm Terminal Emulator

The Release 4 xterm Menus

The xterm Menus at a Glance

The Main Options Menu

VT Options Menu

VT Fonts Menu

Tek Options Menu

Using the Scroll bar

Copying and Pasting Text Selections

Selecting Text to Copy

Pasting Text Selections

Manipulating Text Selections

Copying and Pasting between Release 2 and 3 Clients: xcutsel

Saving Multiple Selections: xclipboard (Release 4 Version)

Problems with Large Selections

Editing Text Saved in the xclipboard

Release 3 xclipboard

Terminal Emulation and the xterm Terminal Type

Resizing an xterm Window

Running a Program in a Temporary xterm Window

5 Font Specification

Font Naming Conventions

Font Families

Stroke Weight and Slant

Font Sizes

Other Information in the Font Name

Font Name Wildcarding

The Font Search Path

The fonts.dir Files

Font Name Aliasing

Making the Server Aware of Aliases

Utilities for Displaying Information about Fonts

The Font Displayer: xfd

Release 3 xfd

Previewing and Selecting Fonts: xfontsel

Previewing Fonts with the xfontsel Menus

Selecting a Font Name

Changing Fonts in xterm Windows

The Great Escape

The Selection Menu Item

Release 2 versus Subsequent Release Fonts

Font Specification in Release 2

6 Graphics Utilities

Creating Icons and Other Bitmaps

Bitmap Editing Commands

Pointer Commands

Bitmap Command Boxes

Acting on the Entire Grid: Clear All, Set All, Invert All

Acting on an Area: Clear Area, Set Area, Invert Area

Copy Area, Move Area, Overlay Area

Drawing: Line, Circle, Filled Circle

Filling in a Shape: Flood Fill

Hot Spots: Set Hot Spot, Clear Hot Spot

Saving and Quitting: Write Output, Quit

Creating a Bitmap from a Cursor

Magnifying Portions of the Screen: xmag

Quitting xmag

What xmag Shows You

Dynamically Choosing a Different Source Area

7 Other Clients

Desk Accessories

Clock Programs: xclock and oclock

A Scientific Calculator: xcalc

Terminating the calculator

Mail Notification Client: xbiff

Monitoring System Load Average: xload

Browsing Reference Pages: xman

Release 3 xman

Printing Utilities: xwd. xpr, xdpr

Killing a Client Window with xkill

Problems with Killing a Client

Window and Display Information Clients

Displaying Information about a Window: xwininfo

Listing the Window Tree: xlswins

Listing the Currently Running Clients: xlsclients

Generating Information about the Display: xdpyinfo

User-contributed Clients

X Toolkit Applications

Dialog Boxes and Command Buttons

Scroll bars

Selecting Information for Copying and Pasting

Vertical Panes

Viewports

Text Editing Widget

PART TWO: Customizing X

8 Command Line Options

Which Display to Run On

Title and Name

Window Geometry

Border Width

Color Specification

The rgb.txt File

Release 4 Color Names

Release 3 Color Names

Alternative Release 4 Color Databases

Hexadecimal Color Specification

The RGB Color Model

How Many Colors are Available?

Starting a Client Window as an Icon

Specifying Fonts on the Command Line

Reverse Video

9 Setting Resources

Resource Naming Syntax

Syntax of Toolkit Client Resources

Tight Bindings and Loose Bindings

Instances and Classes

Precedence Rules for Resource Specification

Some Common Resources

Event Translations

The Syntax of Event Translations

xterm Translations to Use xclipboard

How to Set Resources

A Sample Resources File

Specifying Resources from the Command Line

The –xrm Option

The –name Option

Setting Resources with xrdb

Querying the Resource Database

Loading New Values into the Resource Database

Saving Active Resource Definitions in a File

Removing Resource Definitions

Listing the Current Resources for a Client: appres

Other Sources of Resource Definition

10 Customizing the twm Window Manager

Setting .twmrc Variables

Button/Key Bindings

Pointer Buttons

Keys

Context

Function Names

Action

Defining Menus

Submenus

Executing System Commands from a Menu

Color Menus

A Complete Revamp of twm

11 Setup Clients

xset: Setting Display and Keyboard Preferences

Keyboard Bell

Bug Compatibility Mode

Keyclick Volume

Enabling or Disabling Auto-repeat

Changing or Rehashing the Font Path

Keyboard LEDs

Pointer Acceleration

Screen Saver

Color Definition

Help with xset Options

xsetroot: Setting Root Window Characteristics

Setting Root Window Patterns

Foreground, Background Color and Reverse Video

Changing the Root Window Pointer

xmodmap: Modifier Key and Pointer Customization

Keycodes and Keysyms

Procedure to Map Modifier Keys

Displaying the Current Modifier Key Map

Detennining the Default Key Mappings

Matching Keysyms with Physical Keys Using xev

Changing the Map with xmodmap

Expressions to Change the Key Map

Key Mapping Examples

Displaying and Changing the Pointer Map

PART THREE: Client Reference Pages

PART FOUR: Appendices

A System Management

Including X in Your Search Path

Setting the Terminal Type

A Startup Shell Script

What Should Go in the Script

Starting X

Starting X with the Display Manager, xdm (Release 4)

Getting Started with xdm on a Single Display

Setting Up the Configuration File and Other Special Files

The Standard Login Session

Customizing xdm

The Xservers File

The Xsession File and .xsession Scripts

The Xresources File

The Error Log File

The xdm-pid File (Release 4 Only)

X startup and Xreset

Security and the authorize Resource (Release 4 Only)

Stopping xdm and the Server

X Terminals and the XDM Control Protocol (Release 4)

Release 3 xdm

Release 3 Special Files and the Config File

Customizing the Release 3 xdm

Managing Multiple Displays: the Release 3 Xservers File

Release 3 .xsession Scripts

Release 3 Xresources File

Release 3 X startup and X reset

Starting X with xinit

An Older Method of Starting X: /etc/ttys

Server Access Control

Host-based Access and the xhost Client

User-based Access: xdm and the .Xauthority File (Release 4)

Font Management

Console Messages

Log Files

Changing the Color Name Database

B The uwm Window Manager

Starting the Window Manager

The WindowOps Menu

Creating New Terminal Windows

C The OSF/Motif Window Manager

Getting Started with mwm

Starting mwm

Selecting the Window to Receive Input

Manipulating Windows with the mwm Window Frame

Moving a Window: The Title Area

Minimizing (lconifying) and Maximizing a Window

The Minimize Button

The Maximize Button

Raising a Window

Resizing a Window

The Window Menu Button: Display a Menu or Close the Window

Manipulating Windows Using the Window Menu

Changing the Window Location: Move

Resizing the Window: Size

Iconifying the Window: Minimize

Changing to the Maximum Size: Maximize

Moving a Window to the Bottom of the Stack: Lower

Removing a Window: Close

Restoring a Maximized Window or an Icon: Restore

Manipulating Icons

Manipulating Icons Using the Window Menu

The Root Menu

Customizing mwm

Activating Changes to the Window Manager

The system.mwmrc File

mwm Functions

Menu Specifications

Key Bindings

Button Bindings

Customizing the Root Menu

Creating New Menus

Cascading Menus

Setting mwm Resources

Component Appearance Resources

mwm-Specific Appearance and Behavior Resources

Client-Specific Resources

Setting the Focus Policy

Using an Icon Box

D Standard Cursors

E Release 3 and 4 Standard Fonts

F xterm Control Sequences

xterm Control Sequences

Definitions

VT102 Mode

Tektronix 4014 Mode

G Standard Bitmaps

H Translation Table Syntax

Event Types and Modifiers

Detail Field

Modifiers

Complex Translation Examples

Glossary

Index

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