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Integrated Devices
Microwave, photonic, and power applications generally employ discrete devices. For example, an IMPATT diode is used as a microwave generator, an injection laser as an optical source, and a thyristor as a high-power switch. However, most electronic systems are built on the integrated circuit (IC), which is an ensemble of both active (e.g., transistor) and passive devices (e.g., resistor, capacitor, and inductor) formed on and within a single-crystal semiconductor substrate and interconnected by a metallization pattern.1 ICs have enormous advantages over discrete devices connected by wire bonding. The advantages includes (a) reduction ...
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