Programming PHP, 3rd Edition

Encoding and Escaping

Because PHP programs often interact with HTML pages, web addresses (URLs), and databases, there are functions to help you work with those types of data. HTML, web page addresses, and database commands are all strings, but they each require different characters to be escaped in different ways. For instance, a space in a web address must be written as %20, while a literal less-than sign (<) in an HTML document must be written as <. PHP has a number of built-in functions to convert to and from these encodings.

HTML

Special characters in HTML are represented by entities such as & and <. There are two PHP functions that turn special characters in a string into their entities: one for removing HTML tags, and one for extracting only meta tags.

Entity-quoting all special characters

The htmlentities() function changes all characters with HTML entity equivalents into those equivalents (with the exception of the space character). This includes the less-than sign (<), the greater-than sign (>), the ampersand (&), and accented characters.

For example:

$string = htmlentities("Einstürzende Neubauten");
echo $string;
Einstürzende Neubauten

The entity-escaped version (ü—seen by viewing the source) correctly displays as ü in the rendered web page. As you can see, the space has not been turned into  .

The htmlentities() function actually takes up to three arguments:

$output = htmlentities(input, quote_style, charset);

The charset parameter, if given, identifies the character set. The default is “ISO-8859-1.” The quote_style parameter controls whether single and double quotes are turned into their entity forms. ENT_COMPAT (the default) converts only double quotes, ENT_QUOTES converts both types of quotes, and ENT_NOQUOTES converts neither. There is no option to convert only single quotes. For example:

$input = <<< End
"Stop pulling my hair!"  Jane's eyes flashed.<p>
End;

$double = htmlentities($input);
// &quot;Stop pulling my hair!&quot;  Jane's eyes flashed.&lt;p&gt;

$both = htmlentities($input, ENT_QUOTES);
// &quot;Stop pulling my hair!&quot;  Jane&#039;s eyes flashed.&lt;p&gt;

$neither = htmlentities($input, ENT_NOQUOTES);
// "Stop pulling my hair!"  Jane's eyes flashed.&lt;p&gt;

Entity-quoting only HTML syntax characters

The htmlspecialchars() function converts the smallest set of entities possible to generate valid HTML. The following entities are converted:

• Ampersands (&) are converted to &

• Double quotes (") are converted to "

• Single quotes (') are converted to ' (if ENT_QUOTES is on, as described for htmlentities())

• Less-than signs (<) are converted to <

• Greater-than signs (>) are converted to >

If you have an application that displays data that a user has entered in a form, you need to run that data through htmlspecialchars() before displaying or saving it. If you don’t, and the user enters a string like "angle < 30" or "sturm & drang", the browser will think the special characters are HTML, resulting in a garbled page.

Like htmlentities(), htmlspecialchars() can take up to three arguments:

$output = htmlspecialchars(input, [quote_style, [charset]]);

The quote_style and charset arguments have the same meaning that they do for htmlentities().

There are no functions specifically for converting back from the entities to the original text, because this is rarely needed. There is a relatively simple way to do this, though. Use the get_html_translation_table() function to fetch the translation table used by either of these functions in a given quote style. For example, to get the translation table that htmlentities() uses, do this:

$table = get_html_translation_table(HTML_ENTITIES);

To get the table for htmlspecialchars() in ENT_NOQUOTES mode, use:

$table = get_html_translation_table(HTML_SPECIALCHARS, ENT_NOQUOTES);

A nice trick is to use this translation table, flip it using array_flip(), and feed it to strtr() to apply it to a string, thereby effectively doing the reverse of htmlentities():

$str = htmlentities("Einstürzende Neubauten"); // now it is encoded

$table = get_html_translation_table(HTML_ENTITIES);
$revTrans = array_flip($table);

echo strtr($str, $revTrans);  // back to normal
Einstürzende Neubauten

You can, of course, also fetch the translation table, add whatever other translations you want to it, and then do the strtr(). For example, if you wanted htmlentities() to also encode spaces to  s, you would do:

$table = get_html_translation_table(HTML_ENTITIES);
$table[' '] = ' ';
$encoded = strtr($original, $table);

Removing HTML tags

The strip_tags() function removes HTML tags from a string:

$input  = '<p>Howdy, &quot;Cowboy&quot;</p>';
$output = strip_tags($input);
// $output is 'Howdy, &quot;Cowboy&quot;'

The function may take a second argument that specifies a string of tags to leave in the string. List only the opening forms of the tags. The closing forms of tags listed in the second parameter are also preserved:

$input  = 'The <b>bold</b> tags will <i>stay</i><p>';
$output = strip_tags($input, '<b>');
// $output is 'The <b>bold</b> tags will stay'

Attributes in preserved tags are not changed by strip_tags(). Because attributes such as style and onmouseover can affect the look and behavior of web pages, preserving some tags with strip_tags() won’t necessarily remove the potential for abuse.

Extracting meta tags

The get_meta_tags() function returns an array of the meta tags for an HTML page, specified as a local filename or URL. The name of the meta tag (keywords, author, description, etc.) becomes the key in the array, and the content of the meta tag becomes the corresponding value:

$metaTags = get_meta_tags('http://www.example.com/');
echo "Web page made by {$metaTags['author']}";
Web page made by John Doe

The general form of the function is:

$array = get_meta_tags(filename [, use_include_path]);

Pass a true value for use_include_path to let PHP attempt to open the file using the standard include path.

URLs

PHP provides functions to convert to and from URL encoding, which allows you to build and decode URLs. There are actually two types of URL encoding, which differ in how they treat spaces. The first (specified by RFC 3986) treats a space as just another illegal character in a URL and encodes it as %20. The second (implementing the application/x-www-form-urlencoded system) encodes a space as a + and is used in building query strings.

Note that you don’t want to use these functions on a complete URL, such as http://www.example.com/hello, as they will escape the colons and slashes to produce:

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.com%2Fhello

Only encode partial URLs (the bit after http://www.example.com/) and add the protocol and domain name later.

RFC 3986 encoding and decoding

To encode a string according to the URL conventions, use rawurlencode():

$output = rawurlencode(input);

This function takes a string and returns a copy with illegal URL characters encoded in the %dd convention.

If you are dynamically generating hypertext references for links in a page, you need to convert them with rawurlencode():

$name = "Programming PHP";
$output = rawurlencode($name);
echo "http://localhost/{$output}";
http://localhost/Programming%20PHP

The rawurldecode() function decodes URL-encoded strings:

$encoded = 'Programming%20PHP';
echo rawurldecode($encoded);
Programming PHP

Query-string encoding

The urlencode() and urldecode() functions differ from their raw counterparts only in that they encode spaces as plus signs (+) instead of as the sequence %20. This is the format for building query strings and cookie values. These functions can be useful in supplying form-like URLs in the HTML. PHP automatically decodes query strings and cookie values, so you don’t need to use these functions to process those values. The functions are useful for generating query strings:

$baseUrl = 'http://www.google.com/q=';
$query = 'PHP sessions -cookies';
$url = $baseUrl . urlencode($query);
echo $url;
http://www.google.com/q=PHP+sessions+-cookies

SQL

Most database systems require that string literals in your SQL queries be escaped. SQL’s encoding scheme is pretty simple—single quotes, double quotes, NUL-bytes, and backslashes need to be preceded by a backslash. The addslashes() function adds these slashes, and the stripslashes() function removes them:

$string = <<< EOF
"It's never going to work," she cried,
as she hit the backslash (\) key.
EOF;
$string = addslashes($string);
echo $string;
echo stripslashes($string);
\"It\'s never going to work,\" she cried,
as she hit the backslash (\\) key.
"It's never going to work," she cried,
as she hit the backslash (\) key.

Note

Some databases (Sybase, for example) escape single quotes with another single quote instead of a backslash. For those databases, enable magic_quotes_sybase in your php.ini file.

C-String Encoding

The addcslashes() function escapes arbitrary characters by placing backslashes before them. With the exception of the characters in Table 4-4, characters with ASCII values less than 32 or above 126 are encoded with their octal values (e.g., "\002"). The addcslashes() and stripcslashes() functions are used with nonstandard database systems that have their own ideas of which characters need to be escaped.

Table 4-4. Single-character escapes recognized by addcslashes() and stripcslashes()

ASCII value	Encoding
7	\a
8	\b
9	\t
10	\n
11	\v
12	\f
13	\r

Call addcslashes() with two arguments—the string to encode and the characters to escape:

$escaped = addcslashes(string, charset);

Specify a range of characters to escape with the ".." construct:

echo addcslashes("hello\tworld\n", "\x00..\x1fz..\xff");
hello\tworld\n

Beware of specifying '0', 'a', 'b', 'f', 'n', 'r', 't', or 'v' in the character set, as they will be turned into '\0', '\a', etc. These escapes are recognized by C and PHP and may cause confusion.

stripcslashes() takes a string and returns a copy with the escapes expanded:

$string = stripcslashes(escaped);

For example:

$string = stripcslashes('hello\tworld\n');
// $string is "hello\tworld\n"