CHAPTER 3

The Significance of Self-Awareness

Modern humans, known as homo sapiens, appeared ~200,000 years ago when the earliest known anatomically modern human skeletons were found in places such as Omo and Herto in Ethiopia. They represented people with slender body types, high foreheads, and reduced brow ridges compared to Neanderthals or earlier human ancestors.1 Many human societies transitioned from sustaining on hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture ~10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization. The emergence of civilizations created the establishment of various forms of government and culture around the world. This development ultimately permitted people to unify within regions ...

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