9CLUMSY USE OF TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY CHANGE TRANSFORMS OPERATIONAL AND COGNITIVE SYSTEMS
There are several possible motivations for studying an operational system in relation to the potential for error and failure. The occurrence of an accident or a near miss is a typical trigger for an investigation. Cumulated evidence from incident data bases may also provide a trigger to investigate “human error.”
Another important trigger for examining the potential for system breakdown is at points of major technology change. Technology change is an intervention into an ongoing field of activity (Winograd and Flores, 1987; Flores, Graves, Hartfield, and Winograd, 1988; Carroll, Kellogg, and Rosson, 1991). When developing and introducing new technology, ...
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