Summary
To recover from lost TCP segments, TCP connections maintain an RTO for each segment. If the RTO expires, the segment is retransmitted, and the RTO is doubled for the retransmitted segment. After a maximum number of retransmissions, TCP abandons the connection. The RTO is based on calculations from samples of the RTT, using either a single sample per window of data or TCP timestamps. When TCP segments are sent without timestamps, TCP uses Karn’s algorithm to update the RTO when an ACK for a retransmitted segment is received. Fast retransmit resends a missing segment before its RTO expires, based on the receipt of multiple duplicate ACKs. Fast recovery increases the size of the actual send window more quickly when fast retransmit occurs. ...
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