Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security, 4 Volume Set

CRANIOFACIAL AGING

KARL RICANEK JR, AMRUTHA SETHURAM, AND ERIC K. PATTERSON

Computer Science Department, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina

ARLENE M. ALBERT

Anthropology Department, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina

EDWARD J. BOONE

Statistics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia

1 SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW

Medical and forensic studies have been conducted for quite some time on various aspects of human aging and its relation to changes in the face [1–4], but few studies have addressed the effects of aging on face biometric technologies. There have been a few studies conducted recently with regards to modeling the effects of growth and development (i.e. the stage from birth to maturation) for application to face recognition technologies [5–10]. Although similar approaches to studying growth and development and adult aging may yield improvements in biometric technologies, the two processes are distinct, and therefore, should be studied separately for more accurate modeling of the underlying processes [3, 4].

Some work has been conducted concerning simulation of aging in facial images or models, considering a few different approaches. One approach is biomechanical simulation, and work in this area has included a layered facial simulation model for skin aging with wrinkles [11], an analysis-synthesis approach to aging the orbicularis muscle in virtual faces [12], and a flaccidity-deformation approach ...