Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 17th Edition

Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 17th Edition

by Scott Mueller
Released March 2006
Publisher(s): Que
ISBN: 9780789734044

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Book description

Be a part of the best-selling Upgrading and Repairing series with the latest edition of the flagship book, Upgrading and Repairing PCs. Author Scott Mueller has taught thousands in his seminars and millions through his books, videos and articles. Since 1988, everyon from PC technicians and students to hobbyists, have turned to Scott Mueller's Upgrading and Repairing PCs books for help with computer problems. Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 17th Edition includes new and updated content covering the latest processors, motherboards, memory, and more, including a fully-loaded DVD with new video and reference material.

Register this book at www.quepublishing.com after purchase for access to exclusive Upgrading and Repairing articles, sample chapters, and bonus video content!

Table of contents

  1. Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 17th Edition
    1. About the Author
      1. Contributors and Technical Editors
    2. Acknowledgments
      1. We Want to Hear from You!
      2. Reader Services
    3. Introduction
      1. New in the 17th Edition
      2. Book Objectives
      3. Is This Book for You?
      4. Chapter-by-Chapter Breakdown
      5. The 17th Edition DVD-ROM
        1. Scott’s Website: upgradingandrepairingpcs.com
      6. A Personal Note
    4. 1. Development of the PC
        1. Computer History—Before Personal Computers
          1. Timeline
          2. Mechanical Calculators
          3. The First Mechanical Computer
          4. Electronic Computers
        2. Modern Computers
          1. From Tubes to Transistors
          2. Integrated Circuits
          3. The First Microprocessor
        3. History of the PC
          1. Birth of the Personal Computer
          2. The IBM Personal Computer
          3. The PC Industry More Than 20 Years Later
    5. 2. PC Components, Features, and System Design
        1. What Is a PC?
          1. Who Controls PC Software?
          2. Who Controls PC Hardware?
          3. PC Design Guides
        2. System Types
        3. System Components
    6. 3. Microprocessor Types and Specifications
        1. Pre-PC Microprocessor History
        2. Microprocessors from 1971 to the Present
        3. Processor Specifications
          1. Data I/O Bus
          2. Address Bus
          3. Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus)
          4. Processor Modes
            1. Real Mode
            2. IA-32 Mode (32-Bit)
            3. IA-32 Virtual Real Mode
            4. IA-32e 64-Bit Extension Mode (AMD64, x86-64, EM64T)
          5. Processor Speed Ratings
          6. Processor Speeds and Markings Versus Motherboard Speed
          7. Cyrix Processor Speeds
          8. AMD Processor Speeds
          9. Overclocking
            1. Overclocking Pitfalls
            2. Overclocking Socket A Processors
            3. CPU Voltage Settings
          10. Cache Memory
            1. Internal Level 1 Cache
          11. How Cache Works
          12. Level 2 Cache
          13. Level 3 Cache
            1. Cache Performance and Design
            2. Cache Organization
        4. Processor Features
          1. SMM (Power Management)
          2. Superscalar Execution
          3. MMX Technology
          4. SSE, SSE2, and SSE3
          5. 3DNow!, Enhanced 3DNow!, and Professional 3DNow!
          6. Dynamic Execution
            1. Branch Prediction
            2. Dataflow Analysis
            3. Speculative Execution
          7. Dual Independent Bus Architecture
          8. Hyper-Threading Technology
            1. How Hyper-Threading Works
            2. Hyper-Threading Requirements
          9. Dual-core Technology
        5. Processor Manufacturing
          1. Processor Re-marking
          2. PGA Chip Packaging
          3. Single Edge Contact and Single Edge Processor Packaging
        6. Processor Socket and Slot Types
          1. Zero Insertion Force
          2. Socket 1
          3. Socket 2
          4. Socket 3
          5. Socket 4
          6. Socket 5
          7. Socket 6
          8. Socket 7 (and Super7)
          9. Socket 8
          10. Socket 370 (PGA-370)
          11. Socket 423
          12. Socket 478
          13. Socket A (Socket 462)
          14. Socket 603
          15. Socket 754
          16. Socket 939 and 940
          17. Socket T
          18. Socket M2
          19. Processor Slots
            1. Slot 1 (SC242)
            2. Slot 2 (SC330)
        7. CPU Operating Voltages
        8. Heat and Cooling Problems
        9. Math Coprocessors (Floating-Point Units)
        10. Processor Bugs
        11. Processor Codenames
        12. P1 (086) First-Generation Processors
          1. 8088 and 8086 Processors
          2. 80186 and 80188 Processors
          3. 8087 Coprocessor
        13. P2 (286) Second-Generation Processors
          1. 286 Processors
          2. 80287 Coprocessor
        14. P3 (386) Third-Generation Processors
          1. 386 Processors
          2. 386DX Processors
          3. 386SX Processors
          4. 386SL Processors
          5. 80387 Coprocessor
        15. P4 (486) Fourth-Generation Processors
          1. 486 Processors
          2. 486DX Processors
          3. 486SL
          4. 486SX
          5. 487SX
          6. DX2/OverDrive and DX4 Processors
          7. Pentium OverDrive for 486SX2 and DX2 Systems
          8. AMD 486 (5x86)
          9. Cyrix/TI 486
        16. P5 (586) Fifth-Generation Processors
          1. Pentium Processors
          2. First-Generation Pentium Processors
          3. Second-Generation Pentium Processors
          4. Pentium-MMX Processors
          5. Pentium Defects
          6. Testing for the FPU Bug
          7. Power Management Bugs
          8. Pentium Processor Models and Steppings
          9. AMD-K5
        17. Intel P6 (686) Sixth-Generation Processors
          1. Dynamic Execution
          2. Dual Independent Bus
          3. Other Sixth-Generation Improvements
          4. Pentium Pro Processors
          5. Pentium II Processors
          6. Celeron
            1. A Brief Celeron History
            2. Socket 370 Celerons
            3. Socket 478 Celeron and Celeron D Processors
            4. Socket T (LGA 775) Celeron D Processors
          7. Pentium III
          8. Pentium II/III Xeon
        18. Other Sixth-Generation Processors
          1. NexGen Nx586
          2. AMD-K6 Series
          3. AMD Athlon, Duron, and Athlon XP
          4. AMD Duron
          5. AMD Athlon XP
          6. Athlon MP
          7. Sempron (Socket A)
          8. Cyrix/IBM 6x86 (M1) and 6x86MX (MII)
          9. VIA C3
        19. Intel Pentium 4 (Seventh-Generation) Processors
          1. Pentium 4 Extreme Edition
          2. Memory Requirements
          3. Pentium 4 Power Supply and Cooling Issues
          4. Xeon Processors
        20. Eighth-Generation (64-Bit Register) Processors
          1. Intel Itanium and Itanium 2
          2. AMD Athlon 64 and 64 FX
          3. AMD Sempron (Socket 754)
          4. AMD Opteron
        21. Dual-Core Processors
          1. Who Needs a Dual-Core Processor?
          2. Intel Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition
            1. Intel Processor Model Numbers
          3. AMD Athlon 64 X2 and Dual-Core Opteron Processors
        22. Processor Upgrades
          1. OverDrive Processors
          2. Processor Benchmarks
        23. Processor Troubleshooting Techniques
    7. 4. Motherboards and Buses
        1. Motherboard Form Factors
          1. PC and XT
          2. Full-Size AT
          3. Baby-AT
          4. LPX
          5. ATX
            1. ATX Riser
          6. microATX
          7. FlexATX
          8. ITX and Mini-ITX
          9. BTX
          10. NLX
          11. WTX
          12. Proprietary Designs
          13. Backplane Systems
        2. Processor Sockets/Slots
        3. Chipsets
          1. Chipset Evolution
          2. Intel Chipsets
            1. Intel Chipset Model Numbers
            2. Intel Extreme Graphics Architecture
          3. AMD Chipsets
          4. Traditional North/South Bridge Architecture
          5. Hub Architecture
          6. High-Speed North-South Bridge Connections
        4. Intel’s Early 386/486 Chipsets
        5. Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class) Chipsets
        6. Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/III Class) Chipsets
          1. Intel 810, 810E, and 810E2
          2. Intel 815 Family
            1. Integrated Ethernet
            2. AGP Inline Memory Module
            3. PC133 Memory Support
          3. Intel 820 and 820E
            1. 820. Chipset MTH Bug
          4. Intel 840
          5. Third-Party (Non-Intel) P6-Class Chipsets
            1. ULi (Acer Labs) Chipsets for P6-Class Processors
            2. VIA Technologies Chipsets for P6-Class Processors
            3. Silicon Integrated Systems Chipsets for P6-Class Processors
        7. Seventh-Generation (Pentium 4) Chipsets
          1. Intel 850 Family
          2. Intel 845 Family
          3. Intel 865 Family
          4. Intel 848P
            1. ICH5 and ICH5R
          5. Intel 875P
          6. Intel 915 Family
          7. Intel 925X Family
          8. Intel 945 Express Family
          9. Intel 955X and 975X Family
        8. Third-Party Pentium 4 Chipsets
          1. SiS Chipsets for Pentium 4 and Pentium D
            1. SiS650/651 Chipsets
            2. SiS645/645DX
            3. SiS648/648FX/655/655FX/655TX
            4. SiS R658/R659
            5. SiS661GX/SiS661FX
            6. SiS656/SiS656 FX
            7. SiS649/SiS649FX
          2. ULi Electronics Chipsets for Pentium 4
            1. Aladdin P4 (M1671)
            2. M1681/M1683
            3. M1685
          3. ATI Chipsets for Pentium 4
          4. VIA Chipsets for Pentium 4
            1. VIA Modular Architecture Platforms (V-MAP) for Pentium 4
            2. VIA Apollo P4X266 Family
            3. ProSavage P4M266
            4. Apollo P4X400, P4X400A, and P4X533
            5. PT800/PM800/PT880/PM880
            6. PT880 Ultra/PT894/PT894 Pro
        9. AMD Athlon/Athlon XP/Duron Chipsets
          1. AMD Chipsets for Athlon and Athlon XP
            1. AMD-750
            2. AMD-760 Family
          2. VIA Chipsets for Athlon and Athlon XP
            1. VIA Technologies Apollo KX133
            2. VIA Technologies Apollo KT133 and KT133A
          3. ProSavage KM133
            1. Apollo KT266 and KT266A
            2. ProSavage KM266
            3. Apollo KT333
            4. Apollo KT400/KM400
            5. Apollo KT400A/KT600
            6. KT880
          4. Silicon Integrated Systems Chipsets for AMD Athlon and Athlon XP
            1. SiS MuTIOL High-Speed North/South Bridge Connection
            2. SiS730S
            3. SiS733 and SiS735
            4. SiS740
            5. SiS745
            6. SiS746 and SiS746FX
            7. SiS748
            8. SiS741/741GX
          5. ULi (ALiMagik1) for Athlon
          6. NVIDIA nForce Chipsets for Athlon and Athlon XP
          7. ATI Radeon IGP Chipsets
        10. Intel Workstation Chipsets for Pentium 4 and Xeon
          1. Intel 860
          2. Intel E7205
          3. Intel E7505
          4. Intel E7525
        11. AMD Athlon 64 and Sempron Chipsets
          1. AMD 8000 (8151) Chipset
          2. ULi Chipsets for Athlon 64
            1. ULi M1687
            2. ULi M1689
            3. ULi M1695
          3. VIA Chipsets for Athlon 64
            1. K8T800, K8T800 Pro, and K8M800
            2. K8T890, K8M890, and K8T900
          4. NVIDIA Chipsets for Athlon 64
            1. nForce3 150 and nForce3 Pro 150
            2. nForce3 250, 250Gb, and 250 Ultra and nForce3 Professional 250
            3. nForce4 Series and nForce Professional Series
            4. nForce 410 and 430 Series
          5. SiS Chipsets for Athlon 64
            1. SiS755 and SiS755FX
            2. SiS756
            3. SiS760 and Sis760GX
            4. SiS761GL and SiS761GX
          6. ATI
        12. Super I/O Chips
          1. Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses
        13. Motherboard Connectors
        14. System Bus Types, Functions, and Features
          1. The Processor Bus (Front-Side Bus)
          2. The Memory Bus
          3. The Need for Expansion Slots
        15. Types of I/O Buses
          1. The ISA Bus
            1. The 8-Bit ISA Bus
            2. The 16-Bit ISA Bus
            3. 32-Bit Buses
          2. The Micro Channel Bus
          3. The EISA Bus
          4. Local Buses
          5. VESA Local Bus
          6. The PCI Bus
          7. PCI-Express
          8. Accelerated Graphics Port
        16. System Resources
          1. Interrupts
            1. 8-Bit ISA Bus Interrupts
            2. 16-Bit ISA, EISA, and MCA Bus Interrupts
            3. PCI Interrupts
            4. Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
            5. IRQ Conflicts
          2. DMA Channels
            1. 8-Bit ISA Bus DMA Channels
            2. 16-Bit ISA DMA Channels
          3. I/O Port Addresses
        17. Resolving Resource Conflicts
          1. Resolving Conflicts Manually
          2. Using a System-Configuration Template
          3. Heading Off Problems: Special Boards
            1. Sound Cards
            2. SCSI Adapter Boards
            3. Network Interface Cards
            4. Multiple-COM-Port Adapters
            5. Universal Serial Bus
            6. Miscellaneous Boards
          4. Plug-and-Play Systems
            1. The Hardware Component
            2. The BIOS Component
            3. The Operating System Component
        18. Motherboard Selection Criteria (Knowing What to Look For)
          1. Documentation
          2. Using Correct Speed-Rated Parts
    8. 5. BIOS
        1. BIOS Basics
        2. BIOS Hardware/Software
        3. Motherboard BIOS
          1. ROM Hardware
          2. ROM Shadowing
          3. ROM Chip Types
            1. ROM (True or Mask ROM)
            2. PROM
            3. EPROM
            4. EEPROM/Flash ROM
          4. ROM BIOS Manufacturers
            1. OEMs
            2. AMI
            3. Award
            4. Phoenix
            5. Microid Research BIOS
        4. Upgrading the BIOS
          1. Where to Get Your BIOS Update
          2. Determining Your BIOS Version
          3. Checking the BIOS Date
            1. Backing Up Your BIOS
          4. Backing Up Your BIOS’s CMOS Settings
            1. Using a Flash BIOS
            2. Flash BIOS Recovery
            3. Using IML System Partition BIOS
          5. Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses
          6. Replacing a BIOS ROM
          7. Year 2000 BIOS Issues
        5. Preboot Environment
        6. CMOS Setup Specifications
          1. Running or Accessing the CMOS Setup Program
          2. BIOS Setup Menus
          3. Maintenance Menu
            1. Extended Configuration Submenu
          4. Main Menu
          5. Advanced Menu
            1. PCI Configuration Submenu
            2. Boot Configuration Submenu
            3. Additional Advanced Features
            4. Overclocking/Burn-in Test Features
            5. Peripheral Configuration
            6. ATA Configuration Submenu
              1. ATA Configuration Submenus
            7. Floppy Configuration Submenu
            8. Event Logging
            9. Video Configuration
            10. USB Configuration Submenu
            11. Fan Control Configuration Submenu
            12. Resource Configuration/PnP Configuration Menu
          6. Security Menu
          7. Power Menu
          8. Boot Menu (Boot Sequence, Order)
            1. Boot Device Priority Submenu
          9. Exit Menu
          10. Additional BIOS Setup Features
        7. Plug and Play BIOS
          1. PnP Device IDs
          2. ACPI
          3. Initializing a PnP Device
        8. BIOS Error Messages
          1. General BIOS Boot Text Error Messages
          2. ROM BIOS Messages Indicating Boot Failure (No Valid MBR Found)
    9. 6. Memory
        1. Memory Basics
          1. ROM
          2. DRAM
          3. Cache Memory: SRAM
        2. RAM Types and Performance
          1. Fast Page Mode DRAM
          2. Extended Data Out RAM
          3. SDRAM
          4. DDR SDRAM
          5. DDR2 SDRAM
          6. RDRAM
        3. Memory Modules
          1. SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs
            1. Registered Modules
          2. SIMM Pinouts
          3. DIMM Pinouts
          4. DDR DIMM Pinouts
          5. DDR2 DIMM Pinouts
          6. RIMM Pinouts
          7. Determining a Memory Module’s Size and Features
          8. Memory Banks
          9. Memory Module Speed
          10. Parity and ECC
            1. Parity Checking
            2. How Parity Checking Works
            3. Error Correcting Code
        4. Installing RAM Upgrades
          1. Upgrade Options and Strategies
          2. Selecting and Installing Memory
            1. Purchasing Memory
              1. Suppliers
              2. Considerations in Purchasing or Reusing SIMMs
              3. Considerations in Purchasing DIMMs
              4. Considerations in Purchasing RIMMs
            2. Replacing Modules with Higher-Capacity Versions
            3. Installing DIMM or RIMM Modules
              1. Installing SIMM Modules
        5. Troubleshooting Memory
          1. Memory Defect Isolation Procedures
        6. The System Logical Memory Layout
          1. Conventional (Base) Memory
          2. Upper Memory Area
            1. Segment Addresses and Linear Addresses
            2. Video RAM Memory
              1. Video Graphics Array Memory
            3. Adapter ROM and Special-Purpose RAM Memory
              1. Video Adapter BIOS
              2. Hard Disk Controller and SCSI Host Adapter BIOS
              3. Network Adapters
            4. Motherboard BIOS Memory
          3. Extended Memory
            1. XMS Memory
          4. Preventing ROM BIOS Memory Conflicts and Overlap
          5. ROM Shadowing
          6. Total Installed Memory Versus Total Usable Memory
          7. Adapter Memory Configuration and Optimization
            1. How to Determine What Adapters Occupy the UMA
            2. Moving Adapter Memory to Resolve Conflicts
    10. 7. The ATA/IDE Interface
        1. An Overview of the IDE Interface
          1. Precursors to IDE
          2. IDE Origins
          3. IDE Variations
          4. Origins of ATA
        2. ATA Standards
          1. ATA-1 (AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives)
          2. ATA-2 (AT Attachment Interface with Extensions-2)
          3. ATA-3 (AT Attachment Interface-3)
          4. ATA/ATAPI-4 (AT Attachment with Packet Interface Extension-4)
          5. ATA/ATAPI-5 (AT Attachment with Packet Interface-5)
          6. ATA/ATAPI-6 (AT Attachment with Packet Interface-6)
          7. ATA/ATAPI-7 (AT Attachment with Packet Interface-7)
          8. SATA/ATAPI-8
        3. Parallel ATA
          1. Parallel ATA I/O Connector
          2. Parallel ATA I/O Cable
          3. Longer or Rounded Cables
          4. Parallel ATA Signals
          5. Parallel ATA Dual-Drive Configurations
          6. Parallel ATA PIO Transfer Modes
          7. Parallel ATA DMA Transfer Modes
        4. Serial ATA
          1. Serial ATA Cables and Connectors
          2. Serial ATA Configuration
          3. Second-generation Serial ATA
          4. Advanced Host Controller Interface
          5. Serial ATA Transfer Modes
        5. ATA Features
          1. ATA Commands
          2. ATA Security Mode
          3. Host Protected Area
          4. ATA Packet Interface
        6. ATA Drive Capacity Limitations
          1. Prefixes for Decimal and Binary Multiples
          2. BIOS Limitations
          3. CHS Versus LBA
          4. CHS/LBA and LBA/CHS Conversions
          5. BIOS Commands Versus ATA Commands
          6. CHS Limitations (the 528MB Barrier)
          7. CHS Translation (Breaking the 528MB Barrier)
          8. The 2.1GB Barrier
          9. The 4.2GB Barrier
          10. LBA-Assist Translation
          11. The 8.4GB Barrier
          12. The 137GB Barrier and Beyond
          13. Operating System and Other Software Limitations
        7. ATA RAID
    11. 8. Magnetic Storage Principles
        1. Magnetic Storage
        2. History of Magnetic Storage
        3. How Magnetic Fields Are Used to Store Data
        4. Read/Write Head Designs
          1. Ferrite
          2. Metal-In-Gap
          3. Thin Film
          4. Magneto-Resistive Heads
          5. Giant Magneto-Resistive Heads
        5. Head Sliders
        6. Data Encoding Schemes
          1. FM Encoding
          2. MFM Encoding
          3. RLL Encoding
        7. Encoding Scheme Comparisons
        8. Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood Decoders
        9. Capacity Measurements
        10. Areal Density
          1. Increasing Areal Density with Pixie Dust
          2. Perpendicular Magnetic Recording
    12. 9. Hard Disk Storage
        1. Definition of a Hard Disk
        2. Hard Drive Advancements
        3. Form Factors
          1. 5 1/4″ Drive
          2. 3 1/2″ Drive
          3. 2 1/2″ Drive
          4. 1.8″ Drive
          5. 1″ Drives
        4. Hard Disk Drive Operation
          1. The Ultimate Hard Disk Drive Analogy
          2. Tracks and Sectors
          3. Disk Formatting
            1. Low-Level Formatting
            2. Partitioning
            3. High-Level Formatting
        5. Basic Hard Disk Drive Components
          1. Hard Disk Platters (Disks)
          2. Recording Media
            1. Oxide Media
            2. Thin-Film Media
            3. AFC Media
          3. Read/Write Heads
          4. Head Actuator Mechanisms
            1. Stepper Motor Actuators
            2. Voice Coil Actuators
              1. Linear Actuators
            3. Servo Mechanisms
              1. Wedge Servo
              2. Embedded Servo
              3. Dedicated Servo
            4. Automatic Head Parking
          5. Air Filters
          6. Hard Disk Temperature Acclimation
          7. Spindle Motors
            1. Fluid Dynamic Bearings
          8. Logic Boards
          9. Cables and Connectors
          10. Configuration Items
          11. The Faceplate or Bezel
        6. Hard Disk Features
          1. Capacity
            1. Capacity Limitations
            2. BIOS Limitations
            3. Operating System Limitations
          2. Performance
            1. Transfer Rate
            2. Average Seek Time
            3. Latency
            4. Average Access Time
            5. Cache Programs and Caching Controllers
            6. Interleave Selection
          3. Reliability
            1. SMART
          4. Cost
    13. 10. Removable Storage
        1. The Role of Removable-Media Drives
          1. Extra Storage
          2. The Importance of Data Backups
          3. Additional Boot Devices
          4. Data Transfer Between Systems
          5. Floppy-based Driver Installation for Removable-Media Devices
        2. Comparing Disk, Tape, and Flash Memory Technologies
          1. Magnetic Disk Media
          2. Magnetic Tape Media
          3. Flash Memory Media
        3. Interfaces for Removable-Media Drives
        4. Floppy Disk Drives, Past and Present
          1. Alternatives to Floppy Drives
          2. 1.44MB 3 1/2″ Drives
          3. Floppy Drive Interfaces
          4. Drive Components
            1. Read/Write Heads
            2. The Head Actuator
            3. Floppy Drive Spindle Motor
            4. Floppy Drive Circuit Boards
            5. The Floppy Controller
            6. The Faceplate
            7. Power and Data Connectors
            8. The Floppy Disk Controller Cable
          5. How the Operating System Uses a Floppy Disk
            1. Cylinders
            2. Clusters or Allocation Units
          6. Disk Change
          7. Analyzing 3 1/2″ Floppy Disk Media Construction
          8. Floppy Disk Media Types and Specifications
            1. Density
            2. Media Coercivity and Thickness
          9. Caring for and Handling Floppy Disks and Drives
            1. Airport X-Ray Machines and Metal Detectors
          10. Floppy Drive Installation Procedures
          11. Troubleshooting Floppy Drives
        5. High-Capacity Magnetic Storage Devices
          1. Iomega Zip
          2. Iomega REV
            1. Iomega REV Capacity
            2. Iomega REV Drives
            3. Adaptations of Iomega REV Technology
        6. Magneto-Optical Drives
          1. Magneto-Optical Technology
          2. Comparing MO to “Pure” Magnetic Media
        7. Flash Memory Devices
          1. Types of Flash Memory Devices
            1. CompactFlash
            2. SmartMedia
            3. MultiMediaCard
            4. SecureDigital
            5. Sony Memory Stick and Memory Stick Pro
            6. ATA Flash PC Card
            7. xD-Picture Card
            8. USB Keychain Drives
            9. Comparing Flash Memory Devices
          2. Moving Data in Flash Memory Devices to Your Computer
            1. Card Readers
            2. Type II PC Card Adapters
          3. Key Factors in Selecting a Removable-Media Drive
        8. Microdrive Technology
        9. Tape Drives
          1. Hard-Disk–Based Alternatives to Tape Backup
          2. Disadvantages of Tape Backup Drives
          3. Advantages of Tape Backup Drives
          4. Common Tape Backup Standards
          5. QIC and Its Variants (QIC-Wide and Travan)
            1. Travan Cartridge Tape
            2. The Travan NS
          6. Orphaned Tape Backup Technologies
            1. Proprietary Versions of Travan Technology
            2. OnStream ADR Drives
          7. DAT/DDS, AIT, and Other High-Capacity Tape Drive Standards
            1. Proprietary Versus Open Standards
            2. DAT/DDS Tape Drives
              1. Helical Scan Recording on DAT, 8mm, and AIT Drives
            3. AIT Unique Features
            4. DLT and SDLT Unique Features
            5. SLR Unique Features
            6. Exabyte VXA Unique Features
            7. LTO Ultrium Technology Unique Features
          8. Comparing Tape Backup Technologies
          9. Choosing a Tape Backup Drive
            1. Capacity
            2. Tape Standards and Compatibility
            3. Software Compatibility
            4. Data Throughput
            5. Cost
            6. Support for Disaster Recovery
          10. Tape Drive Installation
          11. Tape Drive Backup Software
          12. Backup and Restoration Troubleshooting
            1. Backup Drive Not Recognized
            2. Backup or Restore Operation Failure
            3. Bad Block or Other Types of Media Errors
            4. System Lockup or Freeze While Running Tape Backup
            5. Other Tape Drive Problems
          13. Backup Software Patches and Updates
    14. 11. Optical Storage
        1. Optical Technology
        2. CD-Based Optical Technology
          1. CDs: A Brief History
          2. CD-ROM Construction and Technology
            1. Mass-Producing CD-ROMs
            2. Pits and Lands
            3. Drive Mechanical Operation
            4. Tracks and Sectors
            5. Sampling
            6. Subcodes
            7. Handling Read Errors
            8. CD Capacity
            9. Data Encoding on the Disc
          3. Caring for Optical Media
        3. DVD
          1. DVD History
          2. DVD Construction and Technology
          3. DVD Tracks and Sectors
          4. Handling Errors
          5. DVD Capacity (Sides and Layers)
          6. Data Encoding on the Disc
        4. Blu-ray Disc
        5. HD-DVD
        6. Optical Disc Formats
          1. Compact Disc and Drive Formats
            1. Red Book—CD-DA
            2. Yellow Book—CD-ROM
            3. Green Book—CD-i
            4. CD-ROM XA
              1. Interleaving
              2. Sector Modes and Forms
            5. Orange Book
              1. Multisession Recording Overview
              2. Disc-at-Once
              3. Track-at-Once
              4. Packet Writing
            6. Photo CD
              1. Photo CD Disc Types
              2. Multisession Photo CDs
            7. Picture CD
            8. White Book—Video CD
            9. Super Video CD
            10. Blue Book—CD EXTRA
            11. Purple Book
          2. CD-ROM File Systems
            1. High Sierra
            2. ISO 9660
            3. Joliet
            4. Universal Disk Format
            5. Macintosh HFS
            6. Rock Ridge
            7. Mount Rainier
          3. DVD Formats and Standards
            1. DIVX (Discontinued Standard)
            2. DVD Drive Compatibility
            3. DVD Movie Playback on a PC
          4. DVD Copy Protection
            1. Regional Playback Control
            2. Content Scramble System
            3. Analog Protection System
        7. CD/DVD Read-Only Drives and Specifications
          1. Performance Specifications
            1. CD Data Transfer Rate
            2. CD Drive Speed
            3. DVD Drive Speed
            4. Access Time
            5. Buffer/Cache
            6. CPU Utilization
            7. Direct Memory Access and Ultra-DMA
          2. Interface
            1. ATA/ATAPI
            2. USB Interface
            3. FireWire
          3. Loading Mechanism
            1. Tray
            2. Caddy
            3. Slot
          4. Other Drive Features
            1. Drive Sealing
            2. Self-Cleaning Lenses
            3. Internal Versus External Drives
        8. Writable CDs
          1. CD-R
            1. CD-R Capacity
            2. CD-R Media Color
            3. Choosing the Best Media
            4. CD-R Media Recording Speed Ratings
          2. CD-RW
            1. CD-RW Speeds
          3. MultiRead Specifications
          4. How to Reliably Record CDs
            1. Buffer Underruns
            2. Buffer Underrun Protection
            3. Producing Error-Free Recordings
          5. Recording Software
          6. Digital Audio Extraction
          7. ”For Music Use Only” CD-R/RW Discs
          8. CD Copy Protection
        9. Recordable DVD Standards
          1. DVD-RAM
          2. DVD-R
          3. DVD-RW
          4. DVD+RW
            1. DVD+RW Compatibility Mode
          5. Multiformat Rewritable Drives
        10. CD/DVD Drive and Software Installation and Support
        11. Booting from a Floppy Disk with CD/DVD Drive Support
          1. Bootable CDs and DVDs—El Torito
          2. Creating a Rescue CD
          3. Making a Bootable CD/DVD for Emergencies
        12. Troubleshooting Optical Drives
          1. Failure Reading a CD/DVD
          2. Failure to Read CD-R, CD-RW Discs in CD-ROM or DVD Drive
          3. Failure to Read a Rewritable DVD in DVD-ROM Drive or Player
          4. Failure to Create a Writable DVD
          5. Failure Writing to CD-RW or DVD-RW 1x Media
          6. ATAPI CD-ROM or DVD Drive Runs Slowly
          7. Poor Results or Slow Performance When Writing to CD-R Media
          8. Trouble Reading CD-RW Discs on CD-ROM
          9. Trouble Reading CD-R Discs on DVD Drive
          10. Trouble Making Bootable CDs
          11. Updating the Firmware in a CD-RW or Rewritable DVD Drive
            1. Determining Whether You Might Need a Firmware Update
            2. Determining Which Drive Model and Firmware Are Installed
            3. Installing New Drive Firmware
            4. Troubleshooting Firmware Updates
    15. 12. Physical Drive Installation and Configuration
        1. Installing All Types of Drives
        2. Hard Disk Installation Procedures
          1. Drive Configuration
          2. Host Adapter Configuration
          3. Physical Installation
            1. Physical Installation Issues for SATA Drives
            2. Physical Installation Issues for SCSI Drives
          4. System Configuration
            1. Automatic Drive Detection
            2. Manual Drive Parameters
        3. Formatting
          1. Low-Level Formatting
            1. SCSI Low-Level Format Software
            2. ATA Low-Level Format Software
            3. Nondestructive Formatters
          2. Drive Partitioning
            1. Large Hard Disk Support
            2. Assigning Drive Letters with FDISK
            3. Running FDISK
            4. Drive Partitioning and Formatting with Disk Management
            5. Drive Partitioning with Aftermarket Utilities
          3. High-Level (Operating System) Formatting
          4. FDISK and FORMAT Limitations
        4. Replacing an Existing Drive
          1. Drive Migration for MS-DOS Users
          2. Drive Migration for Windows 9x/Me Users
            1. XCOPY32 for Windows 9x Data Transfer
        5. Hard Disk Drive Troubleshooting and Repair
          1. Testing a Drive
        6. Installing an Optical Drive
          1. Avoiding Conflict: Get Your Cards in Order
          2. Drive Configuration
          3. External (SCSI) Drive Hookup
          4. Internal Drive Installation
          5. Ribbon Cable and Card Edge Connector
          6. SCSI Chains: Internal, External, or Both
        7. Floppy Drive Installation Procedures
    16. 13. Video Hardware
        1. Video Display Technologies
          1. LCD Panels
            1. How LCD Displays Work
              1. Dead Pixels
              2. Active-Matrix Displays
            2. LCD Display Sizes and Resolutions
            3. Benefits of LCD Panels
            4. LCD Panel Display Connections
            5. DFP and DVI Interfaces for Digital LCD Panels
            6. Wide-screen LCD Panels
            7. Potential Drawbacks of LCD Panels
            8. Shopping Criteria for LCD Panels
          2. How CRT Display Technology Works
            1. Multiple Frequency Monitors
            2. Curved Versus Flat Picture Tubes
            3. CRT Interfaces
            4. CRT Versus LCD Displays
          3. LCD and DLP Projectors
          4. Plasma Displays
          5. Monitor Selection Criteria
            1. The Right Size
            2. Resolution
            3. Dot Pitch (CRTs)
            4. Image Brightness and Contrast (LCD Panels)
            5. Interlaced Versus Noninterlaced
            6. Energy and Safety
              1. Power Management
              2. Emissions (CRTs)
            7. Frequencies
              1. Refresh Rates (Vertical Scan Frequency)
              2. Horizontal Frequency
            8. Controls
          6. Testing a Display
        2. Maintaining Your Monitor
        3. Video Display Adapters
          1. Obsolete Display Adapters
          2. The Video Graphics Array Standard
            1. Digital Versus Analog Signals
            2. VGA Features
            3. Super VGA
            4. VESA SVGA Standards
          3. Video Adapter Types
          4. Integrated Video/Motherboard Chipsets
          5. Video Adapter Components
            1. The Video BIOS
            2. The Video Processor
          6. Identifying the Video and System Chipsets
          7. Video RAM
            1. SDRAM
            2. SGRAM
            3. DDR SDRAM
            4. DDR2 SDRAM
            5. GDDR3 SDRAM
            6. Video RAM Speed
            7. RAM Calculations
            8. Video Bus Width
          8. The Digital-to-Analog Converter
          9. The Bus
            1. AGP Video Cards
            2. PCI Express Video Cards
          10. The Video Driver
          11. Multiple Monitors
            1. Adding Multiple-Monitor Support to Laptops and Desktops with Integrated Graphics
        4. 3D Graphics Accelerators
          1. How 3D Accelerators Work
            1. Typical 3D Techniques
            2. Advanced 3D Filtering and Rendering
            3. Single- Versus Multiple-Pass Rendering
            4. Hardware Acceleration Versus Software Acceleration
            5. Software Optimization
          2. Application Programming Interfaces
            1. OpenGL
            2. Microsoft DirectX
          3. Dual-GPU Scene Rendering
            1. NVIDIA SLI
            2. ATI CrossFire
          4. 3D Chipsets
        5. Upgrading or Replacing Your Video Card
          1. TV Tuner and Video Capture Upgrades
          2. Warranty and Support
          3. Comparing Video Cards with the Same Chipset
          4. Video Output Devices
          5. Video Capture Devices
          6. Desktop Video Boards
            1. Troubleshooting Video Capture Devices
        6. Adapter and Display Troubleshooting
          1. Troubleshooting Monitors
          2. Troubleshooting Video Cards and Drivers
    17. 14. Audio Hardware
        1. Early PC Audio Adapters
          1. Limitations of Sound Blaster Pro Compatibility
          2. DirectX and Audio Adapters
        2. PC Multimedia History
        3. Audio Adapter Features
          1. Basic Connectors
          2. Connectors for Advanced Features
            1. Adding Advanced Sound Features Without Replacing Onboard Audio
          3. Volume Control
          4. MIDI Support Features
          5. Data Compression
          6. Multipurpose Digital Signal Processors
          7. Sound Drivers
        4. Choosing the Best Audio Adapter for Your Needs
          1. Gaming
            1. Sound Card Minimums for Gameplay
            2. Legacy (MS-DOS and Gameport) Game Support Issues
          2. DVD Movies on Your Desktop
          3. Voice Dictation and Control
          4. Sound Producers
        5. Playing and Creating Digitized Sound Files
        6. Audio Adapter Concepts and Terms
          1. The Nature of Sound
          2. Evaluating the Quality of Your Audio Adapter
          3. Sampling
        7. Who’s Who in Audio
          1. Chipset Makers Who Make Their Own Audio Adapters
          2. Major Sound Chip Makers
            1. Discontinued and Orphan Sound Chips and Sound Card Producers
          3. Motherboard Chipsets with Integrated Audio
            1. AC’97 Integrated Audio
          4. AOpen TubeSound
        8. 3D Audio
          1. Positional Audio
          2. 3D Audio Processing
          3. DirectX Support Issues
          4. Installing the Sound Card
          5. Connecting PC Speakers and Completing the Installation
          6. Using Your Stereo Instead of Speakers
        9. Troubleshooting Sound Card Problems
          1. Hardware (Resource) Conflicts
          2. Other Sound Card and Onboard Audio Problems
            1. No Sound
            2. One-Sided Sound
            3. Volume Is Low
            4. Some Speakers Don’t Play
            5. Some Types of Sounds Play, But Others Don’t
            6. Scratchy Sound
            7. Your Computer Won’t Start
            8. Parity Errors or Other Lockups
            9. Advanced Features
            10. Other Problems
        10. Speakers
          1. Theater and Surround Sound Considerations
            1. Typical Speaker Setups
        11. Microphones
    18. 15. I/O Interfaces from Serial and Parallel to IEEE 1394 and USB
        1. Introduction to Input/Output Ports
          1. Why Serial?
          2. Comparing IEEE 1394 and USB
        2. Universal Serial Bus
          1. USB Technical Details
          2. Enabling USB Support
          3. USB 2.0/Hi-Speed USB
          4. USB On-The-Go
          5. USB Adapters
          6. Legacy-Free PCs
        3. IEEE 1394
          1. 1394 Standards
          2. 1394a Technical Details
          3. IEEE 1394b Technical Details
        4. Standard Serial and Parallel Ports
        5. Serial Ports
          1. Typical Locations for Serial Ports
          2. UARTs
            1. 8250
            2. 8250A
            3. 8250B
            4. 16450
            5. 16550 Series
            6. 16650, 16750, and 16850
          3. High-Speed Serial Port Cards
          4. Onboard Serial Ports
          5. Serial Port Configuration
          6. Testing Serial Ports
            1. Microsoft Diagnostics
            2. Troubleshooting Ports in Windows
            3. Advanced Diagnostics Using Loopback Testing
        6. Parallel Ports
          1. IEEE 1284 Parallel Port Standard
            1. Standard Parallel Ports
            2. Bidirectional (8-bit) Parallel Ports
            3. Enhanced Parallel Port
            4. Enhanced Capabilities Port
          2. Upgrading to EPP/ECP Parallel Ports
          3. Parallel Port Configuration
          4. Linking Systems with Serial or Parallel Ports
            1. Serial Port Transfers
            2. Parallel Port Transfers
          5. Parallel-to-SCSI Converters
          6. Testing Parallel Ports
    19. 16. Input Devices
        1. Keyboards
          1. Enhanced 101-Key (or 102-Key) Keyboard
          2. 104-Key (Windows 9x/Me/2000/XP) Keyboard
          3. Laptop Computer Keyboards
          4. Num Lock
        2. Keyboard Technology
          1. Keyswitch Design
            1. Pure Mechanical Switches
            2. Foam Element Switches
            3. Rubber Dome Switches
            4. Membrane Switches
            5. Capacitive Switches
          2. The Keyboard Interface
          3. Typematic Functions
            1. Adjusting Keyboard Parameters in Windows
          4. Keyboard Key Numbers and Scan Codes
          5. International Keyboard Layouts
          6. Keyboard/Mouse Interface Connectors
          7. USB Keyboards
          8. Keyboards with Special Features
            1. Ergonomic Keyboards
            2. USB Keyboards with Hubs
            3. Multimedia and Web-Enabled Keyboards
        3. Keyboard Troubleshooting and Repair
          1. Keyboard Disassembly
          2. Cleaning a Keyboard
        4. Keyboard Recommendations
        5. Pointing Devices
          1. Ball-Type Mice
          2. Optical Mice
          3. Pointing Device Interface Types
            1. Serial
            2. Motherboard Mouse Port (PS/2)
            3. Hybrid Mice
            4. USB
          4. Mouse Troubleshooting
            1. Cleaning Your Mouse
            2. Interrupt Conflicts
            3. Driver Software
          5. Scroll Wheels
          6. TrackPoint II/III/IV
          7. Mouse and Pointing Stick Alternatives
            1. GlidePoint/Touch Pad
          8. Trackballs
            1. Cleaning and Troubleshooting Trackballs
          9. 3M’s Ergonomic Mouse
        6. Input Devices for Gaming
          1. Analog Joysticks and the Game Port
          2. USB Ports for Gaming
          3. Compatibility Concerns
        7. Wireless Input Devices
          1. How Wireless Input Devices Work
            1. Power Management Features of Wireless Input Devices
          2. Wireless Pointing Device Issues
          3. Troubleshooting Wireless Input Devices
    20. 17. Internet Connectivity
        1. Relating Internet and LAN Connectivity
          1. Comparing Broadband and Dialup Modem Internet Access
          2. Broadband Internet Access Types
          3. High Speed = Less Freedom
        2. Cable Modems
          1. Connecting to the Internet with a “Cable Modem”
          2. The Cable Modem and the CATV Network
          3. CATV Bandwidth
          4. CATV Performance
          5. CATV Internet Connection Security
        3. Digital Subscriber Line
          1. How DSL Works
          2. Who Can Use DSL—and Who Can’t
          3. Major Types of DSL
          4. DSL Pricing
          5. DSL Security Issues
          6. Technical Problems with DSL
        4. Fixed-Base Wireless Broadband
        5. Internet Connectivity via Satellite with DirecWAY or StarBand
          1. DirecWAY
            1. DirecWAY Requirements
            2. Purchasing DirecWAY Service
            3. DirecWAY’s FAP—Brakes on High-speed Downloading?
          2. StarBand
          3. Real-world Satellite Performance
        6. Integrated Services Digital Network
          1. How Standard ISDN Works
          2. Acquiring ISDN Service
          3. ISDN Hardware
        7. Comparing High-speed Internet Access
          1. Having a Backup Plan in Case of Service Interruptions
        8. Leased Lines
          1. T-1 and T-3 Connections
          2. Comparing Conventional High-speed Services
        9. Securing Your Internet Connection
        10. Asynchronous (Dialup) Modems
        11. Modem Standards
          1. Bits and Baud Rates
          2. Modulation Standards
            1. V.90
            2. V.92
          3. Error-Correction Protocols
            1. V.42, MNP10, and MNP10EC Error-Correction Protocols
          4. Data-Compression Standards
            1. MNP5 and V.42bis
            2. V.44
          5. Proprietary Standards
          6. 56Kbps Modems
          7. 56Kbps Limitations
          8. Early 56Kbps Standards
            1. V.90
            2. ITU V.92 and V.44—Breaking the Upload Barrier
          9. Fax Modem Standards
          10. Dialup Modem Recommendations
            1. Choosing to Upgrade
            2. Modems Without a UART (WinModems)
            3. Finding Support for “Brand-X” Modems
            4. Squeezing Performance from Your 56Kbps Modem
            5. Telco “Upgrades” and Your Modem
        12. Sharing Your Internet Connection
          1. Comparing Gateways, Proxy Servers, and Routers
          2. Routers for Internet Sharing
        13. Internet Troubleshooting
          1. Diagnosing Problems with a Shared Internet Connection
            1. Check Your Host Configuration
            2. Check Your Client Configuration
            3. Speed Will Drop with Multiple Users
          2. Diagnosing Connection Problems with Signal Lights
          3. Modem Fails to Dial
          4. Computer Locks Up After Installing or Using Internal Modem, Terminal Adapter, or Network Card
          5. Computer Can’t Detect External Modem
          6. Using Your Modem Sound to Diagnose Your Modem
    21. 18. Local Area Networking
        1. Focus of This Chapter
        2. Defining a Network
          1. Types of Networks
          2. Requirements for a Network
          3. About Wireless Networking
        3. Client/Server Versus Peer Networks
          1. Client/Server Networks
          2. Peer-to-Peer Network
          3. Comparing Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Networks
        4. Network Architecture Overview
          1. Wired Ethernet
            1. Fast Ethernet
            2. Gigabit Ethernet
          2. Wireless Ethernet
            1. Wi-Fi—A Standard Upon a Standard
            2. IEEE 802.11b—11Mbps Wi-Fi
            3. IEEE 802.11a—Wi-Fi in the 5GHz Band
            4. 802.11 g—A Compatible 54Mbps Standard
          3. Bluetooth
        5. Hardware Elements of Your Network
          1. Network Interface Cards
            1. Speed
            2. Bus Type
            3. Wired Network Adapter Connectors
          2. Network Cables for Wired Ethernet
            1. Thick and Thin Ethernet Coaxial Cable
            2. Twisted-Pair Cable
            3. Building Your Own Twisted-Pair Cables
              1. Twisted Pair Wiring Standards
              2. Crossover UTP Cables
            4. Constructing the Cable
            5. Cable Distance Limitations
          3. Network Topologies
            1. Bus Topology
            2. Ring Topology
            3. Star Topology
            4. Wireless Network Logical Topologies
          4. Hubs and Switches for Ethernet Networks
            1. How Hubs Work
            2. How Switches Differ from Hubs
            3. Additional Hub and Switch Features You Might Need
            4. Hub and Switch Placement
          5. More on Wireless Ethernet Hardware
            1. Security and Other Features
            2. Users per Access Point
            3. Notebook Computers with Integrated Wi-Fi Adapters
        6. Network Protocols
          1. IP and TCP/IP
            1. TCP/IP—LAN and Dialup Networks
          2. IPX
          3. NetBEUI
        7. Other Home Networking Solutions
          1. HomePNA
            1. HomePNA 1.0
            2. HomePNA 2.0
            3. HomePNA Topology
          2. Powerline Networking
        8. Putting Your Network Together
          1. Network Adapter
            1. Installing the Network Adapter
            2. Testing Your Network Adapters and Connections
          2. Cables and Connections Between Computers
          3. Hub/Switch/Access Point
          4. Gateways for Non-Ethernet Networks
          5. Recording Information About Your Network
          6. Installing Networking Software
            1. Configuring Your Network Software
        9. Tips and Tricks
          1. Installation
          2. Sharing Resources
          3. Setting Up Security
          4. Sharing Internet Connections
        10. Direct Cable Connections
        11. Troubleshooting a Network
          1. Network Software Setup
          2. Networks in Use
          3. TCP/IP
    22. 19. Power Supplies
        1. Considering the Importance of the Power Supply
        2. Primary Function and Operation
          1. Positive DC Voltages
          2. Negative DC Voltages
          3. The Power_Good Signal
        3. Power Supply Form Factors
          1. Obsolete Form Factors
            1. PC/XT
            2. AT/Desk
            3. AT/Tower
            4. Baby-AT
            5. LPX
          2. Modern Form Factors
            1. ATX/ATX12V
            2. SFX/SFX12V
            3. EPS/EPS12V
            4. TFX12V
            5. CFX12V
            6. LFX12V
        4. Power Switches
          1. ATX and Newer
          2. PC/XT/AT and LPX Power Switches
        5. Motherboard Power Connectors
          1. AT/LPX Power Supply Connectors
          2. ATX and ATX12V 1.x Motherboard Power Connectors
            1. 20-pin Main Power Connector
            2. 6-pin Auxiliary Power Connector
            3. 4-pin +12V Power Connector
            4. The Reason for Multiple Motherboard Power Connectors
          3. ATX12V 2.x 24-pin Main Power Connector
          4. Backward and Forward Compatibility
          5. Dell Proprietary (Nonstandard) ATX Design
        6. Additional Power Connectors
          1. Peripheral Power Connectors
          2. Floppy Power Connectors
          3. Serial ATA Power Connectors
          4. PCI Express x16 Graphics Power Connectors (SLI)
        7. Power Supply Specifications
          1. Power Supply Loading
          2. Power Supply Ratings
          3. Other Power Supply Specifications
          4. Power Factor Correction
          5. Power Supply Safety Certifications
        8. Power-Use Calculations
        9. Power Cycling
        10. Power Management
          1. Energy Star Systems
          2. Advanced Power Management
          3. Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
        11. Power Supply Troubleshooting
          1. Overloaded Power Supplies
          2. Inadequate Cooling
          3. Using Digital Multimeters
            1. Selecting a Meter
            2. Measuring Voltage
          4. Specialized Test Equipment
            1. Digital Infrared Thermometer
            2. Variable Voltage Transformer
        12. Repairing the Power Supply
        13. Obtaining Replacement Units
          1. Deciding on a Power Supply
          2. Sources for Replacement Power Supplies
          3. Power Supply Tips and Recommendations
        14. Power-Protection Systems
          1. Surge Suppressors (Protectors)
          2. Phone Line Surge Protectors
          3. Line Conditioners
          4. Backup Power
            1. Standby Power Supplies
            2. Uninterruptible Power Supplies
        15. RTC/NVRAM (CMOS RAM) Batteries
          1. Modern CMOS Batteries
          2. Obsolete or Unique CMOS Batteries
          3. CMOS Battery Troubleshooting
    23. 20. Building or Upgrading Systems
        1. System Components
          1. Case and Power Supply
          2. Processor
          3. Motherboard
            1. Chipsets
            2. BIOS
            3. Memory
            4. I/O Ports
          4. Hard Disk Drives
          5. Removable Storage
          6. Input Devices
          7. Video Card and Display
          8. Audio Hardware
          9. Accessories
            1. Heatsinks/Cooling Fans
            2. Cables
            3. Hardware
        2. Hardware and Software Resources
        3. System Assembly and Disassembly
          1. Assembly Preparation
            1. ESD Protection
            2. Recording Physical Configuration
        4. Motherboard Installation
          1. Installing the CPU and Heatsink
          2. Installing Memory Modules
          3. Mounting the New Motherboard in the Case
          4. Connecting the Power Supply
          5. Connecting I/O and Other Cables to the Motherboard
          6. Installing the Drives
          7. Installing the New Video Card and Driver Software
          8. Installing Additional Expansion Cards
          9. Replacing the Cover and Connecting External Cables
          10. Running the Motherboard BIOS Setup Program (CMOS Setup)
        5. Troubleshooting New Installations
        6. Installing the Operating System
          1. Partitioning the Drive with DOS and Windows 9x and Me
          2. Formatting the Drive with DOS and Windows 9x and Me
          3. Preparing the Hard Drive with Windows 2000/XP
          4. Loading the CD-ROM Driver
          5. Installing Important Drivers
        7. Disassembly/Upgrading Preparation
    24. 21. PC Mods: Overclocking and Cooling
        1. Overclocking
          1. Quartz Crystals
          2. Overclocking History
          3. Modern PC Clocks
          4. Overclocking Tips
          5. Bus Speeds and Multipliers
        2. Cooling
          1. Heatsinks
            1. Active Heatsinks
            2. Heatsink Clamping Force
            3. Heatsink Ratings and Calculations
            4. Installing a Heatsink
          2. Liquid Cooling
            1. Heat Pipes
            2. Water Cooling
            3. Refrigeration
          3. Thermally Advantaged Chassis
            1. Processor Duct
            2. Functional Chassis Mod: Adding a Processor Duct
    25. 22. PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance
        1. PC Diagnostics
        2. Diagnostics Software
          1. The Power On Self Test
            1. What Is Tested?
            2. How Errors Are Displayed
              1. BIOS POST Beep Codes
              2. BIOS POST Checkpoint Codes
              3. BIOS POST Onscreen Messages
            3. AMI BIOS POST Error Codes
            4. Award BIOS and Phoenix FirstBIOS POST Error Codes
            5. PhoenixBIOS POST Error Codes
            6. IBM BIOS POST Error Codes
            7. POST Memory Count
          2. Peripheral Diagnostics
            1. SCSI Diagnostics
            2. Network Interface Diagnostics
          3. General-Purpose Diagnostics Programs
          4. Operating System Diagnostics
        3. The Hardware Boot Process
          1. The Boot Process: Operating System Independent
          2. The DOS Boot Process
          3. The Windows 9x/Me Boot Process
            1. Phase 1—Loading and Running the IO.SYS File
            2. Phase 2—Real-Mode Configuration
            3. Phase 3—Loading and Running the WIN.COM File
          4. Windows NT/2000/XP Startup
        4. PC Maintenance Tools
          1. Hand Tools
          2. Safety
          3. A Word About Hardware
            1. Types of Hardware
            2. English Versus Metric
          4. Test Equipment
            1. Electrical Testing Equipment
            2. Loopback Connectors (Wrap Plugs)
            3. Meters
            4. Logic Probes and Logic Pulsers
            5. Outlet (Receptacle) Testers
            6. Memory Testers
          5. Special Tools for the Enthusiast
            1. Electric Screwdriver
            2. Tamperproof Torx Bits
            3. Temperature Probe
            4. Infrared Thermometer
            5. Large Claw-Type Parts Grabber
        5. Preventive Maintenance
          1. Active Preventive Maintenance Procedures
            1. System Backups
            2. Cleaning a System
            3. Disassembly and Cleaning Tools
            4. Chemicals
              1. Standard Cleaners
              2. Contact Cleaner/Lubricants
            5. Dusters
            6. Vacuum Cleaners
            7. Brushes and Swabs
            8. Silicone Lubricants
            9. Obtaining the Required Tools and Accessories
            10. Disassembling and Cleaning Procedures
            11. Reseating Socketed Chips
            12. Cleaning Boards
            13. Cleaning Connectors and Contacts
            14. Cleaning the Keyboard and Mouse
            15. Hard Disk Maintenance
              1. Defragmenting Files
              2. Virus and Spyware Checking
          2. Passive Preventive Maintenance Procedures
            1. Examining the Operating Environment
            2. Heating and Cooling
            3. Power Cycling (On/Off)
            4. Static Electricity
            5. Power-Line Noise
            6. Radio-Frequency Interference
            7. Dust and Pollutants
        6. Troubleshooting Tips and Techniques
          1. Modern PCs—More Complicated and More Reliable
          2. Industry-Standard Replaceable Components
          3. Reinstall or Replace?
          4. Troubleshooting by Replacing Parts
          5. Troubleshooting by the Bootstrap Approach
          6. Problems During the POST
          7. Hardware Problems After Booting
          8. Problems Running Software
          9. Problems with Adapter Cards
          10. Top Troubleshooting Problems
            1. When I power the system on, I see the power LED light and hear the fans spin, but nothing else ever happens.
            2. The system beeps when I turn it on, but there is nothing on the screen.
            3. I see a STOP or STOP ERROR in Windows NT/2000/XP.
            4. I see Fatal Exception errors in Windows 95/98/Me.
            5. The system won’t shut down in Windows.
            6. The power button won’t turn off the system.
            7. The modem doesn’t work.
            8. The keyboard doesn’t work.
            9. I can’t hear any sound from the speakers.
            10. The monitor appears completely garbled or unreadable.
            11. The image on the display is distorted (bent), shaking, or wavering.
            12. I purchased a video card, and it won’t fit in the slot.
            13. I installed an upgraded processor, but it won’t work.
            14. The system runs fine for a few minutes but then freezes or locks up.
            15. I am experiencing intermittent problems with the hard drive(s).
            16. The system won’t boot up; it says Missing operating system on the screen.
            17. The system is experiencing intermittent memory errors.
            18. The system locks up frequently and sometimes reboots on its own.
            19. I installed a 60GB drive in my system, but it is recognizing only 8.4GB.
            20. My CD-ROM/DVD drive doesn’t work.
            21. My USB port or device doesn’t work.
            22. I installed an additional memory module, but the system doesn’t recognize it.
            23. I installed a new drive, but it doesn’t work and the drive LED remains lit.
            24. While I was updating my BIOS, the system froze and now the system is dead!
            25. I installed a new motherboard in an older Dell system, and nothing works.
            26. I installed a PCI video card in an older system with PCI slots, and it doesn’t work.
    26. Appendix A
    27. B. Key Vendor Contact Information
    28. C. Troubleshooting Index
    29. List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
        1. A
        2. B
        3. C
        4. D
        5. E
        6. F
        7. G
        8. H
        9. I
        10. J–K
        11. L
        12. M
        13. N
        14. O
        15. P
        16. Q
        17. R
        18. S
        19. T
        20. U
        21. V
        22. W–X
        23. Y–Z
    30. License Agreement
        1. Installing the DVD
          1. Standalone DVD Video Players
          2. PC-Based DVD Drives
          3. System Requirements for DVD-ROM Video
        2. Access to DVD Content Without a DVD Player or DVD Drive

Product information

  • Title: Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 17th Edition
  • Author(s): Scott Mueller
  • Release date: March 2006
  • Publisher(s): Que
  • ISBN: 9780789734044