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UNIX and Linux are the predominant platforms for serving web applications. According to data from w3techs.com, 67% of the top one million web sites are served by either Linux or FreeBSD. Above the OS level, open source web server software commands more than 80% of the market.
At scale, web applications do not run on a single system. Instead, a collection of software components distributed through a meshwork of systems cooperate to answer requests as quickly and as flexibly as possible. Each piece of this architecture must be resilient to server failures, load spikes, network partitions, and targeted attacks.
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