NINE

Reducing Risks with Safeguards

NO ONE IS IMMUNE. Think back to when John F. Kennedy became U.S. president in January 1961. One of the first decisions he faced was a plan to overthrow Fidel Castro’s new Marxist regime in Cuba. The plan, developed by the CIA under Kennedy’s predecessor, President Eisenhower, called for an invasion by Cuban exiles, with U.S. military support, including air cover and drops by paratroopers to secure the approaches to the landing beaches. The invasion forces were meant to join up with other Cubans opposed to Castro, who had a stronghold in the mountains behind the planned invasion site.

Kennedy was less hostile to Castro than Eisenhower had been. He recognized that the regime Castro had overthrown was corrupt. ...

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