The concepts of operating systems for controlling the activities of an organization to ensure that it operates most economically, efficiently, and effectively have been in existence for many years—almost from the start of the Industrial Revolution. From the beginning, management has been struggling with the need for better and more sophisticated methods for directing, controlling, and evaluating the results of their operations in terms of economy, efficiency, and effectiveness as related to the use of resources and providing best practices in all areas of operations. Initially, these operating and control systems were operated manually with some form of central control and reporting systems—as good as the manual ...
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