*In fact, historians would point out that the Tungs’ arrival in the mid twentieth century was actually the third wave of Chinese immigration to Africa. The first wave came in the form of prisoners brought by the Dutch via Southeast Asia in the seventeenth century. The second wave consisted of Chinese contract laborers who came to the continent during the height of European colonialism, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For example, in 1904, the British government brought 64,000 Chinese indentured laborers to work in South African gold mines.
*Name changed to protect privacy.
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