The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 6th Edition

The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 6th Edition

by Linda Null
Released April 2023
Publisher(s): Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN: 9781284259445

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Book description


Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture focuses on the function and design of the various components necessary to process information digitally. This title presents computing systems as a series of layers, taking a bottom–up approach by starting with low-level hardware and progressing to higher-level software. Its focus on real-world examples and practical applications encourages students to develop a “big-picture” understanding of how essential organization and architecture concepts are applied in the computing world. In addition to direct correlation with the ACM/IEEE guidelines for computer organization and architecture, the text exposes readers to the inner workings of a modern digital computer through an integrated presentation of fundamental concepts and principles.

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. Dedication Page
  5. Contents
  6. Preface
  7. CHAPTER 1 Introduction
    1. 1.1 Overview
    2. 1.2 Computer Systems
      1. 1.2.1 The Main Components of a Computer
      2. 1.2.2 System Components
      3. 1.2.3 Classification of Computing Devices
    3. 1.3 An Example System: Wading Through the Jargon
    4. 1.4 Standards Organizations
    5. 1.5 Historical Development
      1. 1.5.1 Generation Zero: Mechanical Calculating Machines (1642–1945)
      2. 1.5.2 The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1945–1953)
      3. 1.5.3 The Second Generation: Transistorized Computers (1954–1965)
      4. 1.5.4 The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit Computers (1965–1980)
      5. 1.5.5 The Fourth Generation: VLSI Computers (1980–????)
      6. 1.5.6 Moore’s Law
    6. 1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy
    7. 1.7 Cloud Computing: Computing as a Service
    8. 1.8 The Fragility of the Internet
    9. 1.9 The von Neumann Model
    10. 1.10 Non–von Neumann Models
    11. 1.11 Parallel Processors and Parallel Computing
    12. Chapter Summary
    13. Further Reading
    14. References
    15. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    16. Exercises
  8. CHAPTER 2 Data Representation in Computer Systems
    1. 2.1 Introduction
    2. 2.2 Positional Numbering Systems
    3. 2.3 Converting Between Bases
      1. 2.3.1 Converting Unsigned Whole Numbers
      2. 2.3.2 Converting Fractions
      3. 2.3.3 Converting Between Power-of-2 Radices
    4. 2.4 Signed Integer Representation
      1. 2.4.1 Signed Magnitude
      2. 2.4.2 Complement Systems
      3. 2.4.3 Excess-M Representation for Signed Numbers
      4. 2.4.4 Unsigned Versus Signed Numbers
      5. 2.4.5 Computers, Arithmetic, and Booth’s Algorithm
      6. 2.4.6 Carry Versus Overflow
      7. 2.4.7 Binary Multiplication and Division Using Shifting
    5. 2.5 Floating-Point Representation
      1. 2.5.1 A Simple Model
      2. 2.5.2 Floating-Point Arithmetic
      3. 2.5.3 Floating-Point Errors
      4. 2.5.4 The IEEE-754 Floating-Point Standard
      5. 2.5.5 Range, Precision, and Accuracy
      6. 2.5.6 Additional Problems with Floating-Point Numbers
    6. 2.6 Character Codes
      1. 2.6.1 Binary-Coded Decimal
      2. 2.6.2 EBCDIC
      3. 2.6.3 ASCII
      4. 2.6.4 Unicode
    7. 2.7 Error Detection and Correction
      1. 2.7.1 Cyclic Redundancy Check
      2. 2.7.2 Hamming Codes
    8. Chapter Summary
    9. Further Reading
    10. References
    11. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    12. Exercises
  9. CHAPTER 3 Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic
    1. 3.1 Introduction
    2. 3.2 Boolean Algebra
      1. 3.2.1 Boolean Expressions
      2. 3.2.2 Boolean Identities
      3. 3.2.3 Simplification of Boolean Expressions
      4. 3.2.4 Complements
      5. 3.2.5 Representing Boolean Functions
    3. 3.3 Logic Gates
      1. 3.3.1 Symbols for Logic Gates
      2. 3.3.2 Universal Gates
      3. 3.3.3 Multiple Input Gates
    4. 3.4 Karnaugh Maps
      1. 3.4.1 Introduction
      2. 3.4.2 Description of Kmaps and Terminology
      3. 3.4.3 Kmap Simplification for Two Variables
      4. 3.4.4 Kmap Simplification for Three Variables
      5. 3.4.5 Kmap Simplification for Four Variables
      6. 3.4.6 Don’t Care Conditions
      7. 3.4.7 Summary
    5. 3.5 Digital Components
      1. 3.5.1 Digital Circuits and Their Relationship to Boolean Algebra
      2. 3.5.2 Integrated Circuits
      3. 3.5.3 Putting It All Together: From Problem Description to Circuit
    6. 3.6 Combinational Circuits
      1. 3.6.1 Basic Concepts
      2. 3.6.2 Examples of Typical Combinational Circuits
    7. 3.7 Sequential Circuits
      1. 3.7.1 Basic Concepts
      2. 3.7.2 Clocks
      3. 3.7.3 Flip-Flops
      4. 3.7.4 Finite-State Machines
      5. 3.7.5 Examples of Sequential Circuits
      6. 3.7.6 An Application of Sequential Logic: Convolutional Coding and Viterbi Detection
    8. 3.8 Designing Circuits
    9. Chapter Summary
    10. Further Reading
    11. References
    12. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    13. Exercises
  10. CHAPTER 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer
    1. 4.1 Introduction
    2. 4.2 CPU Basics and Organization
      1. 4.2.1 The Registers
      2. 4.2.2 The ALU
      3. 4.2.3 The Control Unit
    3. 4.3 The Bus
    4. 4.4 Clocks
    5. 4.5 The Input/Output Subsystem
    6. 4.6 Memory Organization and Addressing
    7. 4.7 MARIE
      1. 4.7.1 The Architecture
      2. 4.7.2 Registers and Buses
      3. 4.7.3 Instruction Set Architecture
      4. 4.7.4 Register Transfer Notation
    8. 4.8 Instruction Processing
      1. 4.8.1 The Fetch–Decode–Execute Cycle
      2. 4.8.2 Interrupts and the Instruction Cycle
      3. 4.8.3 MARIE’s I/O
    9. 4.9 A Simple Program
    10. 4.10 A Discussion on Assemblers
      1. 4.10.1 What Do Assemblers Do?
      2. 4.10.2 Why Use Assembly Language?
    11. 4.11 Extending Our Instruction Set
    12. 4.12 A Discussion on Decoding: Hardwired Versus Microprogrammed Control
      1. 4.12.1 Machine Control
      2. 4.12.2 Hardwired Control
      3. 4.12.3 Microprogrammed Control
    13. 4.13 Real-World Examples of Computer Architectures
      1. 4.13.1 Intel Architectures
      2. 4.13.2 MIPS Architectures
    14. Chapter Summary
    15. Further Reading
    16. References
    17. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    18. Exercises
    19. True or False
  11. CHAPTER 5 A Closer Look at Instruction Set Architectures
    1. 5.1 Introduction
    2. 5.2 Instruction Formats
      1. 5.2.1 Design Decisions for Instruction Sets
      2. 5.2.2 Little Versus Big Endian
      3. 5.2.3 Internal Storage in the CPU: Stacks Versus Registers
      4. 5.2.4 Number of Operands and Instruction Length
      5. 5.2.5 Expanding Opcodes
    3. 5.3 Instruction Types
      1. 5.3.1 Data Movement
      2. 5.3.2 Arithmetic Operations
      3. 5.3.3 Boolean Logic Instructions
      4. 5.3.4 Bit Manipulation Instructions
      5. 5.3.5 Input/Output Instructions
      6. 5.3.6 Instructions for Transfer of Control
      7. 5.3.7 Special-Purpose Instructions
      8. 5.3.8 Instruction Set Orthogonality
    4. 5.4 Addressing
      1. 5.4.1 Data Types
      2. 5.4.2 Address Modes
    5. 5.5 Instruction Pipelining
    6. 5.6 Real-World Examples of ISAs
      1. 5.6.1 Intel
      2. 5.6.2 MIPS
      3. 5.6.3 Java Virtual Machine
      4. 5.6.4 ARM
    7. Chapter Summary
    8. Further Reading
    9. References
    10. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    11. Exercises
    12. True or False
  12. CHAPTER 6 Memory
    1. 6.1 Introduction
    2. 6.2 Types of Memory
    3. 6.3 The Memory Hierarchy
      1. 6.3.1 Locality of Reference
    4. 6.4 Cache Memory
      1. 6.4.1 Cache Mapping Schemes
      2. 6.4.2 Replacement Policies
      3. 6.4.3 Effective Access Time and Hit Ratio
      4. 6.4.4 When Does Caching Break Down?
      5. 6.4.5 Cache Write Policies
      6. 6.4.6 Instruction and Data Caches
      7. 6.4.7 Levels of Cache
    5. 6.5 Virtual Memory
      1. 6.5.1 Paging
      2. 6.5.2 Effective Access Time Using Paging
      3. 6.5.3 Putting It All Together: Using Cache, TLBs, and Paging
      4. 6.5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Paging and Virtual Memory
      5. 6.5.5 Segmentation
      6. 6.5.6 Paging Combined with Segmentation
    6. 6.6 Real-World Examples of Memory Management
    7. Chapter Summary
    8. Further Reading
    9. References
    10. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    11. Exercises
  13. CHAPTER 7 Input/Output Systems
    1. 7.1 Introduction
    2. 7.2 I/O and Performance
    3. 7.3 Amdahl’s Law
    4. 7.4 I/O Architectures
      1. 7.4.1 I/O Control Methods
      2. 7.4.2 Character I/O Versus Block I/O
      3. 7.4.3 I/O Bus Operation
      4. 7.4.4 I/O Buses and Interfaces
    5. 7.5 Data Transmission Modes
      1. 7.5.1 Parallel Data Transmission
      2. 7.5.2 Serial Data Transmission
    6. 7.6 Disk Technology
      1. 7.6.1 Hard Disk Drives
      2. 7.6.2 Solid-State Drives
    7. 7.7 Optical Disks
      1. 7.7.1 CD-ROM
      2. 7.7.2 DVD
      3. 7.7.3 Blue-Violet Laser Discs
    8. 7.8 RAID
      1. 7.8.1 RAID Level 0
      2. 7.8.2 RAID Level 1
      3. 7.8.3 RAID Level 2
      4. 7.8.4 RAID Level 3
      5. 7.8.5 RAID Level 4
      6. 7.8.6 RAID Level 5
      7. 7.8.7 RAID Level 6
      8. 7.8.8 RAID DP
      9. 7.8.9 Hybrid RAID Systems
    9. 7.9 The Future of Data Storage
    10. Chapter Summary
    11. Further Reading
    12. References
    13. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    14. Exercises
  14. CHAPTER 8 Alternative Architectures
    1. 8.1 Introduction
    2. 8.2 RISC Machines
    3. 8.3 Flynn’s Taxonomy
    4. 8.4 Parallel and Multiprocessor Architectures
      1. 8.4.1 Superscalar and VLIW
      2. 8.4.2 Vector Processors
      3. 8.4.3 Interconnection Networks
      4. 8.4.4 Shared Memory Multiprocessors
      5. 8.4.5 Distributed Computing
    5. 8.5 Alternative Parallel Processing Approaches
      1. 8.5.1 Dataflow Computing
      2. 8.5.2 Neural Networks
      3. 8.5.3 Systolic Arrays
    6. 8.6 Quantum Computing
    7. Chapter Summary
    8. Further Reading
    9. References
    10. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    11. Exercises
  15. CHAPTER 9 Topics in Embedded Systems
    1. 9.1 Introduction
    2. 9.2 An Overview of Embedded Hardware
      1. 9.2.1 Off-the-Shelf Embedded System Hardware
      2. 9.2.2 Configurable Hardware
      3. 9.2.3 Custom-Designed Embedded Hardware
    3. 9.3 An Overview of Embedded Software
      1. 9.3.1 Embedded Systems Memory Organization
      2. 9.3.2 Embedded Operating Systems
      3. 9.3.3 Embedded Systems Software Development
    4. Chapter Summary
    5. Further Reading
    6. References
    7. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    8. Exercises
  16. CHAPTER 10 Performance Measurement and Analysis
    1. 10.1 Introduction
    2. 10.2 Computer Performance Equations
    3. 10.3 Mathematical Preliminaries
      1. 10.3.1 What the Means Mean
      2. 10.3.2 The Statistics and Semantics
    4. 10.4 Benchmarking
      1. 10.4.1 Clock Rate, MIPS, and FLOPS
      2. 10.4.2 Synthetic Benchmarks: Whetstone, Linpack, and Dhrystone
      3. 10.4.3 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation Benchmarks
      4. 10.4.4 Transaction Processing Performance Council Benchmarks
      5. 10.4.5 System Simulation
    5. 10.5 CPU Performance Optimization
      1. 10.5.1 Branch Optimization
      2. 10.5.2 Use of Good Algorithms and Simple Code
    6. 10.6 Disk Performance
      1. 10.6.1 Understanding the Problem
      2. 10.6.2 Physical Considerations
      3. 10.6.3 Logical Considerations
    7. Chapter Summary
    8. Further Reading
    9. References
    10. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    11. Exercises
  17. CHAPTER 11 System Software (Available in the eBook)
    1. 11.1 Introduction
    2. 11.2 Operating Systems
      1. 11.2.1 Operating Systems History
      2. 11.2.2 Operating System Design
      3. 11.2.3 Operating System Services
    3. 11.3 Protected Environments
      1. 11.3.1 Virtual Machines
      2. 11.3.2 Subsystems and Partitions
      3. 11.3.3 Protected Environments and the Evolution of Systems Architectures
    4. 11.4 Programming Tools
      1. 11.4.1 Assemblers and Assembly
      2. 11.4.2 Link Editors
      3. 11.4.3 Dynamic Link Libraries
      4. 11.4.4 Compilers
      5. 11.4.5 Interpreters
    5. 11.5 Java: All of the Above
    6. Chapter Summary
    7. Further Reading
    8. References
    9. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    10. Exercises
  18. CHAPTER 12 Network Organization and Architecture (Available in the eBook)
    1. 12.1 Introduction
    2. 12.2 Early Business Computer Networks
    3. 12.3 Early Academic and Scientific Networks: The Roots and Architecture of the Internet
    4. 12.4 Network Protocols I: ISO/OSI Protocol Unification
      1. 12.4.1 A Parable
      2. 12.4.2 The OSI Reference Model
    5. 12.5 Network Protocols II: TCP/IP Network Architecture
      1. 12.5.1 The IP Layer for Version 4
      2. 12.5.2 The Trouble with IP Version 4
      3. 12.5.3 Transmission Control Protocol
      4. 12.5.4 The TCP Protocol at Work
      5. 12.5.5 IP Version 6
    6. 12.6 Network Organization
      1. 12.6.1 Physical Transmission Media
      2. 12.6.2 Interface Cards
      3. 12.6.3 Repeaters
      4. 12.6.4 Hubs
      5. 12.6.5 Switches
      6. 12.6.6 Bridges and Gateways
      7. 12.6.7 Routers and Routing
    7. Chapter Summary
    8. Further Reading
    9. References
    10. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    11. Exercises
  19. CHAPTER 13 Selected Storage Systems and Interfaces (Available in the eBook)
    1. 13.1 Introduction
    2. 13.2 SCSI Architecture
      1. 13.2.1 “Classic” Parallel SCSI
      2. 13.2.2 The SCSI Architecture Model-3
    3. 13.3 Internet SCSI
    4. 13.4 Storage Area Networks
    5. 13.5 Other I/O Connections
      1. 13.5.1 Parallel Buses: XT to ATA
      2. 13.5.2 Serial ATA and Serial Attached SCSI
      3. 13.5.3 Peripheral Component Interconnect
      4. 13.5.4 A Serial Interface: USB
    6. 13.6 Cloud Storage
    7. Chapter Summary
    8. Further Reading
    9. References
    10. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    11. Exercises
  20. APPENDIX A Data Structures and the Computer (Available in the eBook)
    1. A.1 Introduction
    2. A.2 Fundamental Structures
      1. A.2.1 Arrays
      2. A.2.2 Queues and Linked Lists
      3. A.2.3 Stacks
    3. A.3 Trees
    4. A.4 Network Graphs
    5. Summary
    6. Further Reading
    7. References
    8. Exercises
  21. Glossary
  22. Answers and Hints for Selected Exercises
  23. Index

Product information

  • Title: The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 6th Edition
  • Author(s): Linda Null
  • Release date: April 2023
  • Publisher(s): Jones & Bartlett Learning
  • ISBN: 9781284259445