38. I/O Streams

What you see is all you get.

– Brian W. Kernighan

• Introduction

• The I/O Stream Hierarchy

File Streams; String Streams

• Error Handling

• I/O Operations

Input Operations; Output Operations; Manipulators; Stream State; Formatting

• Stream Iterators

• Buffering

Output Streams and Buffers; Input Streams and Buffers; Buffer Iterators

• Advice

38.1. Introduction

The I/O stream library provides formatted and unformatted buffered I/O of text and numeric values. The definitions for I/O stream facilities are found in <istream>, <ostream>, etc.; see §30.2.

An ostream converts typed objects to a stream of characters (bytes):

Figure represents the process of conversion into a stream of characters with ostream.

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