The interpretation of test scores depends on how they are referenced. There are two score referencing systems, criterion-referenced and norm-referenced. When scores are norm-referenced they are compared to the scores of other examinees rather than a set standard. If a two-mile run were to be norm-referenced, what would matter is how the examinee placed relative to the other runners. So in a norm-referenced system, passing might depend on finishing ahead of half of the other runners. Criterion-referenced tests (CRTs) are achievement tests, also called mastery tests. CRTs are referenced with respect to a set standard. ...
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