2.1. Propositional Calculus
Propositional calculus is the mathematics of Boolean variables, so the basic ideas should be familiar to most readers. We shall not make much direct use of it in this book, but it will help to define several ideas presented later in this chapter.
A proposition is a statement that is either true or false, such as, ‘Peter is male’, ‘John is female’, or ‘Peter has parent Mary’.
2.1.1. Logical Operators
Propositions can be combined using logical operators to form logical expressions. The most frequently used operators are as follows (where the literals 
and are arbitrary propositions):
and are arbitrary propositions): The results of the operators are defined ...
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