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Subtitles are commonly employed to present a translation of ‘foreign’ languages in a motion picture. These composited texts have formal similarities to the calligram: typically placed at the bottom-center of the screen, the subtitle is accepted as having an immediate relationship to another text, either heard or seen on-screen. It is a doubling of those articulations already (natively) present in the work: understood as an additional text in its standard presentation on-screen, the subtitle is neither considered an integral part of the production, nor as an element of it, but is added after, in some cases by distribution companies that release a film in a different language—for example, a Swedish film such as I am curious: Yellow (1967) was ...
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