Self-Sovereign Identity

Self-Sovereign Identity

by Alex Preukschat, Drummond Reed
Released July 2021
Publisher(s): Manning Publications
ISBN: 9781617296598

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Book description

In a world of changing privacy regulations, identity theft, and online anonymity, identity is a precious and complex concept. Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) is a set of technologies that move control of digital identity from third party “identity providers” directly to individuals, and it promises to be one of the most important trends for the coming decades. Now in Self-Sovereign Identity, privacy and personal data experts Drummond Reed and Alex Preukschat lay out a roadmap for a future of personal sovereignty powered by the Blockchain and cryptography. Cutting through the technical jargon with dozens of practical use cases from experts across all major industries, it presents a clear and compelling argument for why SSI is a paradigm shift, and shows how you can be ready to be prepared for it.

About the Technology
Trust on the internet is at an all-time low. Large corporations and institutions control our personal data because we’ve never had a simple, safe, strong way to prove who we are online. Self-sovereign identity (SSI) changes all that.

About the Book
In Self-Sovereign Identity: Decentralized digital identity and verifiable credentials, you’ll learn how SSI empowers us to receive digitally-signed credentials, store them in private wallets, and securely prove our online identities. It combines a clear, jargon-free introduction to this blockchain-inspired paradigm shift with interesting essays written by its leading practitioners. Whether for property transfer, ebanking, frictionless travel, or personalized services, the SSI model for digital trust will reshape our collective future.

What's Inside
  • The architecture of SSI software and services
  • The technical, legal, and governance concepts behind SSI
  • How SSI affects global business industry-by-industry
  • Emerging standards for SSI


About the Reader
For technology and business readers. No prior SSI, cryptography, or blockchain experience required.

About the Authors
Drummond Reed is the Chief Trust Officer at Evernym, a technology leader in SSI. Alex Preukschat is the co-founder of SSIMeetup.org and AlianzaBlockchain.org.

Quotes
This book is a comprehensive roadmap to the most crucial fix for today’s broken Internet.
- Brian Behlendorf, GM for Blockchain, Healthcare and Identity at the Linux Foundation

If trusted relationships over the Internet are important to you or your business, this book is for you.
- John Jordan, Executive Director, Trust over IP Foundation

Decentralized identity represents not only a wide range of trust-enabling technologies, but also a paradigm shift in our increasingly digital-first world.
- Rouven Heck, Executive Director, Decentralized Identity Foundation

Publisher resources

View/Submit Errata

Table of contents

  1. Self-Sovereign Identity
  2. Copyright
  3. dedication
  4. contents
  5. front matter
    1. preface
    2. acknowledgments
    3. about this book
    4. Who should read this book
    5. About the code
    6. liveBook discussion forum
    7. Other online resources
    8. about the authors
    9. about the cover illustration
  6. Part 1 An introduction to SSI
  7. 1 Why the internet is missing an identity layer—and why SSI can finally provide one
    1. 1.1 How bad has the problem become?
    2. 1.2 Enter blockchain technology and decentralization
    3. 1.3 The three models of digital identity
      1. 1.3.1 The centralized identity model
      2. 1.3.2 The federated identity model
      3. 1.3.3 The decentralized identity model
    4. 1.4 Why “self-sovereign”?
    5. 1.5 Why is SSI so important?
    6. 1.6 Market drivers for SSI
      1. 1.6.1 E-commerce
      2. 1.6.2 Banking and finance
      3. 1.6.3 Healthcare
      4. 1.6.4 Travel
    7. 1.7 Major challenges to SSI adoption
      1. 1.7.1 Building out the new SSI ecosystem
      2. 1.7.2 Decentralized key management
      3. 1.7.3 Offline access
    8. References
  8. 2 The basic building blocks of SSI
    1. 2.1 Verifiable credentials
    2. 2.2 Issuers, holders, and verifiers
    3. 2.3 Digital wallets
    4. 2.4 Digital agents
    5. 2.5 Decentralized identifiers (DIDs)
    6. 2.6 Blockchains and other verifiable data registries
    7. 2.7 Governance frameworks
    8. 2.8 Summarizing the building blocks
    9. References
  9. 3 Example scenarios showing how SSI works
    1. 3.1 A simple notation for SSI scenario diagrams
    2. 3.2 Scenario 1: Bob meets Alice at a conference
    3. 3.3 Scenario 2: Bob meets Alice through her online blog
    4. 3.4 Scenario 3: Bob logs in to Alice’s blog to leave a comment
    5. 3.5 Scenario 4: Bob meets Alice through an online dating site
    6. 3.6 Scenario 5: Alice applies for a new bank account
    7. 3.7 Scenario 6: Alice buys a car
    8. 3.8 Scenario 7: Alice sells the car to Bob
    9. 3.9 Scenario summary
    10. Reference
  10. 4 SSI Scorecard: Major features and benefits of SSI
    1. 4.1 Feature/benefit category 1: Bottom line
      1. 4.1.1 Fraud reduction
      2. 4.1.2 Reduced customer onboarding costs
      3. 4.1.3 Improved e-commerce sales
      4. 4.1.4 Reduced customer service costs
      5. 4.1.5 New credential issuer revenue
    2. 4.2 Feature/benefit category 2: Business efficiencies
      1. 4.2.1 Auto-authentication
      2. 4.2.2 Auto-authorization
      3. 4.2.3 Workflow automation
      4. 4.2.4 Delegation and guardianship
      5. 4.2.5 Payment and value exchange
    3. 4.3 Feature/benefit category 3: User experience and convenience
      1. 4.3.1 Auto-authentication
      2. 4.3.2 Auto-authorization
      3. 4.3.3 Workflow automation
      4. 4.3.4 Delegation and guardianship
      5. 4.3.5 Payment and value exchange
    4. 4.4 Feature/benefit category 4: Relationship management
      1. 4.4.1 Mutual authentication
      2. 4.4.2 Permanent connections
      3. 4.4.3 Premium private channels
      4. 4.4.4 Reputation management
      5. 4.4.5 Loyalty and rewards programs
    5. 4.5 Feature/benefit category 5: Regulatory compliance
      1. 4.5.1 Data security
      2. 4.5.2 Data privacy
      3. 4.5.3 Data protection
      4. 4.5.4 Data portability
      5. 4.5.5 RegTech (Regulation Technology)
    6. References
  11. Part 2 SSI technology
  12. 5 SSI architecture: The big picture
    1. 5.1 The SSI stack
    2. 5.2 Layer 1: Identifiers and public keys
      1. 5.2.1 Blockchains as DID registries
      2. 5.2.2 Adapting general-purpose public blockchains for SSI
      3. 5.2.3 Special-purpose blockchains designed for SSI
      4. 5.2.4 Conventional databases as DID registries
      5. 5.2.5 Peer-to-peer protocols as DID registries
    3. 5.3 Layer 2: Secure communication and interfaces
      1. 5.3.1 Protocol design options
      2. 5.3.2 Web-based protocol design using TLS
      3. 5.3.3 Message-based protocol design using DIDComm
      4. 5.3.4 Interface design options
      5. 5.3.5 API-oriented interface design using wallet Dapps
      6. 5.3.6 Data-oriented interface design using identity hubs (encrypted data vaults)
      7. 5.3.7 Message-oriented interface design using agents
    4. 5.4 Layer 3: Credentials
      1. 5.4.1 JSON Web Token (JWT) format
      2. 5.4.2 Blockcerts format
      3. 5.4.3 W3C verifiable credential formats
      4. 5.4.4 Credential exchange protocols
    5. 5.5 Layer 4: Governance frameworks
    6. 5.6 Potential for convergence
    7. References
  13. 6 Basic cryptography techniques for SSI
    1. 6.1 Hash functions
      1. 6.1.1 Types of hash functions
      2. 6.1.2 Using hash functions in SSI
    2. 6.2 Encryption
      1. 6.2.1 Symmetric-key cryptography
      2. 6.2.2 Asymmetric-key cryptography
    3. 6.3 Digital signatures
    4. 6.4 Verifiable data structures
      1. 6.4.1 Cryptographic accumulators
      2. 6.4.2 Merkle trees
      3. 6.4.3 Patricia tries
      4. 6.4.4 Merkle-Patricia trie: A hybrid approach
    5. 6.5 Proofs
      1. 6.5.1 Zero-knowledge proofs
      2. 6.5.2 ZKP applications for SSI
      3. 6.5.3 A final note about proofs and veracity
    6. References
  14. 7 Verifiable credentials
    1. 7.1 Example uses of VCs
      1. 7.1.1 Opening a bank account
      2. 7.1.2 Receiving a free local access pass
      3. 7.1.3 Using an electronic prescription
    2. 7.2 The VC ecosystem
    3. 7.3 The VC trust model
      1. 7.3.1 Federated identity management vs. VCs
      2. 7.3.2 Specific trust relationships in the VC trust model
      3. 7.3.3 Bottom-up trust
    4. 7.4 W3C and the VC standardization process
    5. 7.5 Syntactic representations
      1. 7.5.1 JSON
      2. 7.5.2 Beyond JSON: Adding standardized properties
      3. 7.5.3 JSON-LD
      4. 7.5.4 JWT
    6. 7.6 Basic VC properties
    7. 7.7 Verifiable presentations
    8. 7.8 More advanced VC properties
      1. 7.8.1 Refresh service
      2. 7.8.2 Disputes
      3. 7.8.3 Terms of use
      4. 7.8.4 Evidence
      5. 7.8.5 When the holder is not the subject
    9. 7.9 Extensibility and schemas
    10. 7.10 Zero-knowledge proofs
    11. 7.11 Protocols and deployments
    12. 7.12 Security and privacy evaluation
    13. 7.13 Hurdles to adoption
    14. References
  15. 8 Decentralized identifiers
    1. 8.1 The conceptual level: What is a DID?
      1. 8.1.1 URIs
      2. 8.1.2 URLs
      3. 8.1.3 URNs
      4. 8.1.4 DIDs
    2. 8.2 The functional level: How DIDs work
      1. 8.2.1 DID documents
      2. 8.2.2 DID methods
      3. 8.2.3 DID resolution
      4. 8.2.4 DID URLs
      5. 8.2.5 Comparison with the Domain Name System (DNS)
      6. 8.2.6 Comparison with URNs and other persistent Identifiers
      7. 8.2.7 Types of DIDs
    3. 8.3 The architectural level: Why DIDs work
      1. 8.3.1 The core problem of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
      2. 8.3.2 Solution 1: The conventional PKI model
      3. 8.3.3 Solution 2: The web-of-trust model
      4. 8.3.4 Solution 3: Public key-based identifiers
      5. 8.3.5 Solution 4: DIDs and DID documents
    4. 8.4 Four benefits of DIDs that go beyond PKI
      1. 8.4.1 Beyond PKI benefit 1: Guardianship and controllership
      2. 8.4.2 Beyond PKI benefit 2: Service endpoint discovery
      3. 8.4.3 Beyond PKI benefit 3: DID-to-DID connections
      4. 8.4.4 Beyond PKI benefit 4: Privacy by design at scale
    5. 8.5 The semantic level: What DIDs mean
      1. 8.5.1 The meaning of an address
      2. 8.5.2 DID networks and digital trust ecosystems
      3. 8.5.3 Why isn’t a DID human-meaningful?
      4. 8.5.4 What does a DID identify?
  16. 9 Digital wallets and digital agents
    1. 9.1 What is a digital wallet, and what does it typically contain?
    2. 9.2 What is a digital agent, and how does it typically work with a digital wallet?
    3. 9.3 An example scenario
    4. 9.4 Design principles for SSI digital wallets and agents
      1. 9.4.1 Portable and Open-By-Default
      2. 9.4.2 Consent-driven
      3. 9.4.3 Privacy by design
      4. 9.4.4 Security by design
    5. 9.5 Basic anatomy of an SSI digital wallet and agent
    6. 9.6 Standard features of end-user digital wallets and agents
      1. 9.6.1 Notifications and user experience
      2. 9.6.2 Connecting: Establishing new digital trust relationships
      3. 9.6.3 Receiving, offering, and presenting digital credentials
      4. 9.6.4 Revoking and expiring digital credentials
      5. 9.6.5 Authenticating: Logging you in
      6. 9.6.6 Applying digital signatures
    7. 9.7 Backup and recovery
      1. 9.7.1 Automatic encrypted backup
      2. 9.7.2 Offline recovery
      3. 9.7.3 Social recovery
      4. 9.7.4 Multi-device recovery
    8. 9.8 Advanced features of wallets and agents
      1. 9.8.1 Multiple-device support and wallet synchronization
      2. 9.8.2 Offline operations
      3. 9.8.3 Verifying the verifier
      4. 9.8.4 Compliance and monitoring
      5. 9.8.5 Secure data storage (vault) support
      6. 9.8.6 Schemas and overlays
      7. 9.8.7 Emergencies
      8. 9.8.8 Insurance
    9. 9.9 Enterprise wallets
      1. 9.9.1 Delegation (rights, roles, permissions)
      2. 9.9.2 Scale
      3. 9.9.3 Specialized wallets and agents
      4. 9.9.4 Credential revocation
      5. 9.9.5 Special security considerations
    10. 9.10 Guardianship and delegation
      1. 9.10.1 Guardian wallets
      2. 9.10.2 Guardian delegates and guardian credentials
    11. 9.11 Certification and accreditation
    12. 9.12 The Wallet Wars: The evolving digital wallet/agent marketplace
      1. 9.12.1 Who
      2. 9.12.2 What
      3. 9.12.3 How
    13. Reference
  17. 10 Decentralized key management
    1. 10.1 Why any form of digital key management is hard
    2. 10.2 Standards and best practices for conventional key management
    3. 10.3 The starting point for key management architecture: Roots of trust
    4. 10.4 The special challenges of decentralized key management
    5. 10.5 The new tools that VCs, DIDs, and SSI bring to decentralized key management
      1. 10.5.1 Separating identity verification from public key verification
      2. 10.5.2 Using VCs for proof of identity
      3. 10.5.3 Automatic key rotation
      4. 10.5.4 Automatic encrypted backup with both offline and social recovery methods
      5. 10.5.5 Digital guardianship
    6. 10.6 Key management with ledger-based DID methods (algorithmic roots of trust)
    7. 10.7 Key management with peer-based DID methods (self-certifying roots of trust)
    8. 10.8 Fully autonomous decentralized key management with Key Event Receipt Infrastructure (KERI)
      1. 10.8.1 Self-certifying identifiers as a root of trust
      2. 10.8.2 Self-certifying key event logs
      3. 10.8.3 Witnesses for key event logs
      4. 10.8.4 Pre-rotation as simple, safe, scalable protection against key compromise
      5. 10.8.5 System-independent validation (ambient verifiability)
      6. 10.8.6 Delegated self-certifying identifiers for enterprise-class key management
      7. 10.8.7 Compatibility with the GDPR “right to be forgotten”
      8. 10.8.8 KERI standardization and the KERI DID method
      9. 10.8.9 A trust-spanning layer for the internet
    9. 10.9 Key takeaways
    10. References
  18. 11 SSI governance frameworks
    1. 11.1 Governance frameworks and trust frameworks: Some background
    2. 11.2 The governance trust triangle
    3. 11.3 The Trust over IP governance stack
      1. 11.3.1 Layer 1: Utility governance frameworks
      2. 11.3.2 Layer 2: Provider governance frameworks
      3. 11.3.3 Layer 3: Credential governance frameworks
      4. 11.3.4 Layer 4: Ecosystem governance frameworks
    4. 11.4 The role of the governance authority
    5. 11.5 What specific problems can governance frameworks solve?
      1. 11.5.1 Discovery of authoritative issuers and verified members
      2. 11.5.2 Anti-coercion
      3. 11.5.3 Certification, accreditation, and trust assurance
      4. 11.5.4 Levels of assurance (LOAs)
      5. 11.5.5 Business rules
      6. 11.5.6 Liability and insurance
    6. 11.6 What are the typical elements of a governance framework?
      1. 11.6.1 Master document
      2. 11.6.2 Glossary
      3. 11.6.3 Risk assessment, trust assurance, and certification
      4. 11.6.4 Governance rules
      5. 11.6.5 Business rules
      6. 11.6.6 Technical rules
      7. 11.6.7 Information trust rules
      8. 11.6.8 Inclusion, equitability, and accessibility rules
      9. 11.6.9 Legal agreements
    7. 11.7 Digital guardianship
    8. 11.8 Legal enforcement
    9. 11.9 Examples
    10. References
  19. Part 3 Decentralization as a model for life
  20. 12 How open source software helps you control your self-sovereign identity
    1. 12.1 The origin of free software
    2. 12.2 Wooing businesses with open source
    3. 12.3 How open source works in practice
    4. 12.4 Open source and digital identities
    5. References
  21. 13 Cypherpunks: The origin of decentralization
    1. 13.1 The origins of modern cryptography
    2. 13.2 The birth of the cypherpunk movement
    3. 13.3 Digital freedom, digital cash, and decentralization
    4. 13.4 From cryptography to cryptocurrency to credentials
    5. References
  22. 14 Decentralized identity for a peaceful society
    1. 14.1 Technology and society
    2. 14.2 A global civil society
    3. 14.3 Identity as a source of conflict
    4. 14.4 Identity as a source of peace
    5. References
  23. 15 Belief systems as drivers for technology choices in decentralization
    1. 15.1 What is a belief system?
    2. 15.2 Blockchain and DLT as belief systems
      1. 15.2.1 Blockchain “believers”
      2. 15.2.2 DLT “believers”
    3. 15.3 How are blockchains and DLTs relevant to SSI?
    4. 15.4 Characterizing differences between blockchain and DLT
      1. 15.4.1 Governance: How open is the network to open participation?
      2. 15.4.2 Censorship resistance: How centralized is trust?
      3. 15.4.3 Openness: Who can run a node?
    5. 15.5 Why “believers” and not “proponents” or “partisans”?
      1. 15.5.1 How do we measure decentralization?
    6. 15.6 Technical advantages of decentralization
    7. References
  24. 16 The origins of the SSI community
    1. 16.1 The birth of the internet
    2. 16.2 Losing control over our personal information
    3. 16.3 Pretty Good Privacy
    4. 16.4 International Planetwork Conference
    5. 16.5 Augmented Social Network and Identity Commons
    6. 16.6 The Laws of Identity
    7. 16.7 Internet Identity Workshop
    8. 16.8 Increasing support of user control
    9. 16.9 Rebooting the Web of Trust
    10. 16.10 Agenda for Sustainable Development and ID2020
    11. 16.11 Early state interest
    12. 16.12 MyData and Learning Machine
    13. 16.13 Verifiable Claims Working Group, Decentralized Identity Foundation, and Hyperledger Indy
    14. 16.14 Increasing state support for SSI
    15. 16.15 Ethereum identity
    16. 16.16 World Economic Forum reports
    17. 16.17 First production government demo of an SSI-supporting ledger
    18. 16.18 SSI Meetup
    19. 16.19 Official W3C standards
    20. 16.20 Only the beginning
    21. References
  25. 17 Identity is money
    1. 17.1 Going back to the starting point
    2. 17.2 Identity as the source of relationships and value
    3. 17.3 The properties of money
    4. 17.4 The three functions of money
    5. 17.5 The tokenization of value with identity
    6. References
  26. Part 4 How SSI will change your business
  27. 18 Explaining the value of SSI to business
    1. 18.1 How might we best explain SSI to people and organizations?
      1. 18.1.1 Failed experiment 1: Leading with the technology
      2. 18.1.2 Failed experiment 2: Leading with the philosophy
      3. 18.1.3 Failed experiment 3: Explaining by demonstrating the tech
      4. 18.1.4 Failed experiment 4: Explaining the (world’s) problems
    2. 18.2 Learning from other domains
    3. 18.3 So how should we best explain the value of SSI?
    4. 18.4 The power of stories
    5. 18.5 Jackie’s SSI story
      1. 18.5.1 Part 1: The current physical world
      2. 18.5.2 Part 2: The SSI world—like the current physical world, but better
      3. 18.5.3 Part 3: Introducing the Sparkly Ball1—or, what’s wrong with many current digital identity models
    6. 18.6 SSI Scorecard for apartment leasing
    7. Reference
  28. 19 The Internet of Things opportunity
    1. 19.1 IoT: Connecting everything safely
    2. 19.2 How does SSI help IoT?
    3. 19.3 The business perspective for SSI and IoT
    4. 19.4 An SSI-based IoT architecture
    5. 19.5 Tragic story: Bob’s car hacked
    6. 19.6 The Austrian Power Grid
    7. 19.7 SSI Scorecard for IoT
    8. References
  29. 20 Animal care and guardianship just became crystal clear
    1. 20.1 Enter Mei and Bailey
      1. 20.1.1 Bailey gets a self-sovereign identity
      2. 20.1.2 Guardianship transfer
      3. 20.1.3 Vacation for Mei and Bailey
      4. 20.1.4 A storm and separation
      5. 20.1.5 Lost and found at your fingertips
    2. 20.2 Digital identity unlocks opportunities for the well-being of animals and people
    3. 20.3 SSI for animals reaffirms their inherent worth
    4. 20.4 SSI Scorecard for pets and other animals
  30. 21 Open democracy, voting, and SSI
    1. 21.1 The problems with postal voting
    2. 21.2 The problems with e-voting
    3. 21.3 Estonia: A case study
    4. 21.4 The three pillars of voting
      1. 21.4.1 A state’s bill of needs
      2. 21.4.2 A voter’s bill of rights
    5. 21.5 The advantages of SSI
      1. 21.5.1 SSI Scorecard for voting
    6. References
  31. 22 Healthcare supply chain powered by SSI
    1. 22.1 Emma’s story
    2. 22.2 Supply chain transparency and efficiency through SSI
    3. 22.3 Industry ecosystem efficiency powered by SSI
    4. 22.4 Future supply chain transformation across industries: The big picture
    5. 22.5 Eliminating waste
    6. 22.6 Authentication and quality
    7. 22.7 SSI Scorecard for the pharma supply chain
    8. References
  32. 23 Canada: Enabling self-sovereign identity
    1. 23.1 The Canadian context
    2. 23.2 The Canadian approach and policy framework
    3. 23.3 The Pan-Canadian Trust Framework
    4. 23.4 The normative core
    5. 23.5 Mutual recognition
    6. 23.6 Digital ecosystem roles
    7. 23.7 Supporting infrastructure
    8. 23.8 Mapping the SSI stack to the PCTF model
    9. 23.9 Using the Verifiable Credentials Model
    10. 23.10 Enabling Self-Sovereign Identity
    11. 23.11 SSI Scorecard for the Pan-Canadian Trust Framework
  33. 24 From eIDAS to SSI in the European Union
    1. 24.1 PKI: The first regulated identity service facility in the EU
    2. 24.2 The EU legal framework
    3. 24.3 The EU identity federation
      1. 24.3.1 The legal concept of electronic identification (eID)
      2. 24.3.2 The scope of the eIDAS FIM Regulation and its relationship with national law
    4. 24.4 Summarizing the value of eIDAS for SSI adoption
    5. 24.5 Scenarios for the adoption of SSI in the EU identity metasystem
    6. 24.6 SSI Scorecard for the EBSI
    7. References
  34. appendix A Additional Livebook chapters
    1. Chapter 25: SSI, payments, and financial services
    2. Chapter 26: Solving organizational identity with vLEIs
    3. Chapter 27: SSI and healthcare
    4. Chapter 28: Enterprise identity and access management realized with SSI
    5. Chapter 29: Insurance reinvented with SSI
    6. Chapter 30: Enabling SSI in humanitarian contexts
    7. Chapter 31: Guardianship and other forms of Delegated Authority with Self-Sovereign Identity
    8. Chapter 32: Design principles for SSI
    9. Chapter 33: SSI: Our dystopian nightmare
    10. Chapter 34: Trust assurance in SSI ecosystems
    11. Chapter 35: The evolution of gaming with SSI
  35. appendix B Landmark essays on SSI
    1. “The Domains of Identity”
    2. “New Hope for Digital Identity”
    3. “The Architecture of Identity Systems”
    4. “Three Dimensions of Identity”
    5. “Meta-Platforms and Cooperative Network-of-Network Effects”
    6. “Verifiable Credentials Aren’t Credentials. They’re Containers.”
    7. “The Seven Deadly Sins of Customer Relationships”
  36. appendix C The path to self-sovereign identity
    1. You can’t spell “identity” without an “I”
    2. The evolution of identity
      1. Phase one: Centralized identity (administrative control by a single authority or hierarchy)
      2. Phase two: Federated identity (administrative control by multiple, federated authorities)
      3. Phase three: User-centric identity (individual or administrative control across multiple authorities without requiring a federation)
      4. Phase four: Self-sovereign identity (individual control across any number of authorities)
    3. A definition of self-sovereign identity
    4. Ten principles of self-sovereign identity
    5. Conclusion
  37. appendix D Identity in the Ethereum blockchain ecosystem
    1. Identity on the blockchain
      1. The keys to identity
    2. On-chain identity solutions
    3. ERC 725 v2: “Proxy Account”
      1. The owner
      2. The key-value store
      3. The public on-chain identity
    4. Off-chain identity solutions
    5. ERC 1056: “Lightweight Identity”
      1. The lightweight registry
      2. Owner and delegates
    6. Other ERCs
    7. Conclusion
  38. appendix E The principles of SSI
  39. index
  40. contributing authors

Product information

  • Title: Self-Sovereign Identity
  • Author(s): Alex Preukschat, Drummond Reed
  • Release date: July 2021
  • Publisher(s): Manning Publications
  • ISBN: 9781617296598