CHAPTER 4
Research Variables, Validity, and Reliability
This chapter focuses on the concepts necessary for understanding how to design a study in second language research. We begin with an outline of variables and scales, and follow with descriptions of specific types of validity and reliability. We also discuss sampling, representativeness and generalizability, and the collection of biographical data.
4.1. INTRODUCTION
In chapter 1, we introduced the concepts of research questions and research hypotheses. Research questions can take a range of forms. One example of a specific and answerable research question might be, “What is the effect of form-focused instruction on the acquisition of English relative clauses by French- and Japanese-speaking ...
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