Radio Propagation for Modern Wireless Systems

Chapter 7Shadow Fading and the Effects of Terrain and Trees

Although the effects of randomness that cause shadow fading and the effects of terrain and trees are rather different in nature, each plays a significant role in modifying the predictions of path loss discussed in Chapter 6. Their study is also linked in part by the use of numerical evaluation of the physical optics integrals to describe them quantitatively. Shadow fading is studied by considering random variations of building height, position, and construction. Terrain effects involve diffraction over hills, which is discussed here for bare hills and for hills covered with buildings. In the latter case, the height of the buildings varies systematically as a result of the terrain they ...