Programming PHP, 4th Edition

Table of contents

1. Foreword
2. Preface
   1. Audience
   2. Assumptions This Book Makes
   3. Contents of This Book
   4. Conventions Used in This Book
   5. O’Reilly Online Learning
   6. How to Contact Us
   7. Acknowledgments
      1. Kevin Tatroe
      2. Peter MacIntyre
3. 1. Introduction to PHP
   1. What Does PHP Do?
   2. A Brief History of PHP
      1. The Evolution of PHP
      2. The Widespread Use of PHP
   3. Installing PHP
   4. A Walk Through PHP
      1. Configuration Page
      2. Forms
      3. Databases
      4. Graphics
   5. What’s Next
4. 2. Language Basics
   1. Lexical Structure
      1. Case Sensitivity
      2. Statements and Semicolons
      3. Whitespace and Line Breaks
      4. Comments
      5. Literals
      6. Identifiers
      7. Keywords
   2. Data Types
      1. Integers
      2. Floating-Point Numbers
      3. Strings
      4. Booleans
      5. Arrays
      6. Objects
      7. Resources
      8. Callbacks
      9. NULL
   3. Variables
      1. Variable Variables
      2. Variable References
      3. Variable Scope
      4. Garbage Collection
   4. Expressions and Operators
      1. Number of Operands
      2. Operator Precedence
      3. Operator Associativity
      4. Implicit Casting
      5. Arithmetic Operators
      6. String Concatenation Operator
      7. Auto-Increment and Auto-Decrement Operators
      8. Comparison Operators
      9. Bitwise Operators
      10. Logical Operators
      11. Casting Operators
      12. Assignment Operators
      13. Miscellaneous Operators
   5. Flow-Control Statements
      1. if 
      2. switch
      3. while
      4. for
      5. foreach
      6. try...catch
      7. declare
      8. exit and return
      9. goto
   6. Including Code
   7. Embedding PHP in Web Pages
      1. Standard (XML) Style
      2. SGML Style
      3. Echoing Content Directly
   8. What’s Next
5. 3. Functions
   1. Calling a Function
   2. Defining a Function
   3. Variable Scope
      1. Global Variables
      2. Static Variables
   4. Function Parameters
      1. Passing Parameters by Value
      2. Passing Parameters by Reference
      3. Default Parameters
      4. Variable Parameters
      5. Missing Parameters
      6. Type Hinting
   5. Return Values
   6. Variable Functions
   7. Anonymous Functions
   8. What’s Next
6. 4. Strings
   1. Quoting String Constants
      1. Variable Interpolation
      2. Single-Quoted Strings
      3. Double-Quoted Strings
      4. Here Documents
   2. Printing Strings
      1. echo
      2. print()
      3. printf()
      4. print_r() and var_dump()
   3. Accessing Individual Characters
   4. Cleaning Strings
      1. Removing Whitespace
      2. Changing Case
   5. Encoding and Escaping
      1. HTML
      2. URLs
      3. SQL
      4. C-String Encoding
   6. Comparing Strings
      1. Exact Comparisons
      2. Approximate Equality
   7. Manipulating and Searching Strings
      1. Substrings
      2. Miscellaneous String Functions
      3. Decomposing a String
      4. String-Searching Functions
   8. Regular Expressions
      1. The Basics
      2. Character Classes
      3. Alternatives
      4. Repeating Sequences
      5. Subpatterns
      6. Delimiters
      7. Match Behavior
      8. Character Classes
      9. Anchors
      10. Quantifiers and Greed
      11. Noncapturing Groups
      12. Backreferences
      13. Trailing Options
      14. Inline Options
      15. Lookahead and Lookbehind
      16. Cut
      17. Conditional Expressions
      18. Functions
      19. Differences from Perl Regular Expressions
   9. What’s Next
7. 5. Arrays
   1. Indexed Versus Associative Arrays
   2. Identifying Elements of an Array
   3. Storing Data in Arrays
      1. Appending Values to an Array
      2. Assigning a Range of Values
      3. Getting the Size of an Array
      4. Padding an Array
   4. Multidimensional Arrays
   5. Extracting Multiple Values
      1. Slicing an Array
      2. Splitting an Array into Chunks
      3. Keys and Values
      4. Checking Whether an Element Exists
      5. Removing and Inserting Elements in an Array
   6. Converting Between Arrays and Variables
      1. Creating Variables from an Array
      2. Creating an Array from Variables
   7. Traversing Arrays
      1. The foreach Construct
      2. The Iterator Functions
      3. Using a for Loop
      4. Calling a Function for Each Array Element
      5. Reducing an Array
      6. Searching for Values
   8. Sorting
      1. Sorting One Array at a Time
      2. Natural-Order Sorting
      3. Sorting Multiple Arrays at Once
      4. Reversing Arrays
      5. Randomizing Order
   9. Acting on Entire Arrays
      1. Calculating the Sum of an Array
      2. Merging Two Arrays
      3. Calculating the Difference Between Two Arrays
      4. Filtering Elements from an Array
   10. Using Arrays to Implement Data Types
       1. Sets
       2. Stacks
   11. Implementing the Iterator Interface
   12. What’s Next
8. 6. Objects
   1. Objects
   2. Terminology
   3. Creating an Object
   4. Accessing Properties and Methods
   5. Declaring a Class
      1. Declaring Methods
      2. Declaring Properties
      3. Declaring Constants
      4. Inheritance
      5. Interfaces
      6. Traits
      7. Abstract Methods
      8. Constructors
      9. Destructors
   6. Anonymous Classes
   7. Introspection
      1. Examining Classes
      2. Examining an Object
      3. Sample Introspection Program
   8. Serialization
   9. What’s Next
9. 7. Dates and Times
   1. What’s Next
10. 8. Web Techniques
    1. HTTP Basics
    2. Variables
    3. Server Information
    4. Processing Forms
       1. Methods
       2. Parameters
       3. Self-Processing Pages
       4. Sticky Forms
       5. Multivalued Parameters
       6. Sticky Multivalued Parameters
       7. File Uploads
       8. Form Validation
    5. Setting Response Headers
       1. Different Content Types
       2. Redirections
       3. Expiration
       4. Authentication
    6. Maintaining State
       1. Cookies
       2. Sessions
       3. Combining Cookies and Sessions
    7. SSL
    8. What’s Next
11. 9. Databases
    1. Using PHP to Access a Database
    2. Relational Databases and SQL
       1. PHP Data Objects
    3. MySQLi Object Interface
       1. Retrieving Data for Display
    4. SQLite
    5. Direct File-Level Manipulation
    6. MongoDB
       1. Retrieving Data
       2. Inserting More Complex Data
    7. What’s Next
12. 10. Graphics
    1. Embedding an Image in a Page
    2. Basic Graphics Concepts
    3. Creating and Drawing Images
       1. The Structure of a Graphics Program
       2. Changing the Output Format
       3. Testing for Supported Image Formats
       4. Reading an Existing File
       5. Basic Drawing Functions
    4. Images with Text
       1. Fonts
       2. TrueType Fonts
    5. Dynamically Generated Buttons
       1. Caching the Dynamically Generated Buttons
       2. A Faster Cache
    6. Scaling Images
    7. Color Handling
       1. Using the Alpha Channel
       2. Identifying Colors
       3. True Color Indexes
       4. Text Representation of an Image
    8. What’s Next
13. 11. PDF
    1. PDF Extensions
    2. Documents and Pages
       1. A Simple Example
       2. Initializing the Document
       3. Outputting Basic Text Cells
    3. Text
       1. Coordinates
       2. Text Attributes
       3. Page Headers, Footers, and Class Extension
       4. Images and Links
       5. Tables and Data
    4. What’s Next
14. 12. XML
    1. Lightning Guide to XML
    2. Generating XML
    3. Parsing XML
       1. Element Handlers
       2. Character Data Handler
       3. Processing Instructions
       4. Entity Handlers
       5. Default Handler
       6. Options
       7. Using the Parser
       8. Errors
       9. Methods as Handlers
       10. Sample Parsing Application
    4. Parsing XML with the DOM
    5. Parsing XML with SimpleXML
    6. Transforming XML with XSLT
    7. What’s Next
15. 13. JSON
    1. Using JSON
    2. Serializing PHP Objects
       1. Options
    3. What’s Next
16. 14. Security
    1. Safeguards
       1. Filtering Input
       2. Escaping Output Data
    2. Security Vulnerabilities
       1. Cross-Site Scripting
       2. SQL Injection
       3. Filename Vulnerabilities
       4. Session Fixation
       5. File Upload Traps
       6. Unauthorized File Access
       7. PHP Code Issues
       8. Shell Command Weaknesses
       9. Data Encryption Concerns
    3. Further Resources
    4. Security Recap
    5. What’s Next
17. 15. Application Techniques
    1. Code Libraries
    2. Templating Systems
    3. Handling Output
       1. Output Buffering
       2. Output Compression
    4. Performance Tuning
       1. Benchmarking
       2. Profiling
       3. Optimizing Execution Time
       4. Optimizing Memory Requirements
       5. Reverse Proxies and Replication
    5. What’s Next
18. 16. Web Services
    1. REST Clients
       1. Responses
       2. Retrieving Resources
       3. Updating Resources
       4. Creating Resources
       5. Deleting Resources
    2. XML-RPC
       1. Servers
       2. Clients
    3. What’s Next
19. 17. Debugging PHP
    1. The Development Environment
    2. The Staging Environment
    3. The Production Environment
    4. php.ini Settings
    5. Error Handling
       1. Error Reporting
       2. Exceptions
       3. Error Suppression
       4. Triggering Errors
       5. Defining Error Handlers
    6. Manual Debugging
    7. Error Logs
    8. IDE Debugging
    9. Additional Debugging Techniques
    10. What’s Next
20. 18. PHP on Disparate Platforms
    1. Writing Portable Code for Windows and Unix
       1. Determining the Platform
       2. Handling Paths Across Platforms
       3. Navigating the Server Environment
       4. Sending Mail
       5. End-of-Line Handling
       6. End-of-File Handling
       7. Using External Commands
       8. Accessing Platform-Specific Extensions
    2. Interfacing with COM
       1. Background
       2. PHP Functions
       3. API Specifications
21. Function Reference
    1. PHP Functions by Category
       1. Arrays
       2. Classes and Objects
       3. Data Filtering
       4. Date and Time
       5. Directories
       6. Errors and Logging
       7. Filesystem
       8. Functions
       9. Mail
       10. Math
       11. Miscellaneous Functions
       12. Network
       13. Output Buffering
       14. PHP Language Tokenizer
       15. PHP Options/Info
       16. Program Execution
       17. Session Handling
       18. Streams
       19. Strings
       20. URLs
       21. Variables
       22. Zlib
    2. Alphabetical Listing of PHP Functions
22. Index