Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems, Third Edition, 3rd Edition

Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems, Third Edition, 3rd Edition

by Frank Kreith, Charles F. Kutscher, Jana B. Milford
Released August 2018
Publisher(s): CRC Press
ISBN: 9780429939167

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Book description

PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS, Third Edition, surveys the range of sustainable energy sources and the tools that engineers, scientists, managers, and policy makers use to analyze energy generation, usage, and future trends.

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright Page
  5. Dedication
  6. Contents
  7. Foreword
  8. Preface
  9. Acknowledgments
  10. Authors
  11. Contributors
  12. 1. Introduction to Sustainable Energy
    1. 1.1 Sustainability Principles
      1. 1.1.1 Energy Crisis: Security Issues
      2. 1.1.2 Sustainable Development
      3. 1.1.3 Sustainability Principles in Practice
      4. 1.1.4 Challenges for Sustainability Engineering
    2. 1.2 Carrying Capacity and Exponential Growth
      1. 1.2.1 Population Issue
      2. 1.2.2 Water Issue
      3. 1.2.3 Food Supply Issues
      4. 1.2.4 Per Capita Energy Use
      5. 1.2.5 Mathematics of Exponential Growth
    3. 1.3 Context for Sustainable Energy
      1. 1.3.1 Historical Energy Development in the United States
      2. 1.3.2 Current Energy Use
      3. 1.3.3 Future Energy Scenarios for the United States
    4. 1.4 Key Sustainability Considerations
      1. 1.4.1 The Challenge of Climate Change
      2. 1.4.2 Energy Economic Efficiency
      3. 1.4.3 Energy Return on Energy Invested
      4. 1.4.4 Cost of Energy Production
      5. 1.4.5 Other Costs of Energy Development
    5. 1.5 Energy Efficiency and Conservation
      1. 1.5.1 Energy End-Use Demand Reduction in Buildings
      2. 1.5.2 Energy End-Use Demand Reduction in Transportation
      3. 1.5.3 Energy Management in Industry and Manufacturing
    6. 1.6 Conventional Energy
      1. 1.6.1 Fossil Fuels
      2. 1.6.2 Nuclear Power
    7. 1.7 Renewable Energy
      1. 1.7.1 Wind Energy
      2. 1.7.2 Solar Photovoltaics
      3. 1.7.3 Solar Thermal
      4. 1.7.4 Ocean and Geothermal Energy
      5. 1.7.5 Biomass and Biofuel
      6. 1.7.6 Hydroelectric Generation
    8. 1.8 Hydrogen
    9. 1.9 NREL System Advisor Model
    10. Energy Units and Conversion Factors
    11. Problems
    12. Discussion Questions
    13. Online Resources
    14. References
    15. Suggested Readings
  13. 2. Economics of Energy Generation and Conservation Systems
    1. 2.1 Unit Cost of Energy
    2. 2.2 Payback Period
    3. 2.3 Time Value of Money
    4. 2.4 Inflation
    5. 2.5 Total Life Cycle Costs
    6. 2.6 Internal Rate of Return
    7. 2.7 Capital Recovery Factor
    8. 2.8 Levelized Cost of Energy
    9. 2.9 Societal and Environmental Costs
    10. Problems
    11. References
  14. 3. Energy Systems Analysis Methodologies
    1. 3.1 Life Cycle Approach
    2. 3.2 Process Chain Analysis
    3. 3.3 Input–Output (I/O) Analysis
    4. 3.4 Embedded Energy
    5. 3.5 Energy Return on Energy Invested
      1. 3.5.1 Calculation of EROI
      2. 3.5.2 EROI and Energy Budgets
      3. 3.5.3 EROI for a Wind Energy System
    6. 3.6 Greenhouse Gas Accounting
    7. Problems
    8. References
  15. 4. Energy Use and Efficiency in Buildings and Industry
    1. 4.1 Background
    2. 4.2 Energy Audits and Energy Management
    3. 4.3 Buildings
      1. 4.3.1 Calculations of Heating and Hot Water Loads in Buildings
        1. 4.3.1.1 Calculation of Heat Loss
        2. 4.3.1.2 Internal Heat Sources in Buildings
        3. 4.3.1.3 Degree-Day Method
        4. 4.3.1.4 Service Hot Water Load Calculation
      2. 4.3.2 Cooling Requirements for Buildings
      3. 4.3.3 Vapor-Compression Cycle
      4. 4.3.4 Evaporative Cooling
      5. 4.3.5 Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings
        1. 4.3.5.1 Commercial Buildings Case Studies
      6. 4.3.6 Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings
        1. 4.3.6.1 Residential Case Study: Net-Zero Habitat for Humanity House
      7. 4.3.7 Zero-Energy Urban Districts
    4. 4.4 Industrial Energy Efficiency
      1. 4.4.1 Background
      2. 4.4.2 Improving Industrial Processes
      3. 4.4.3 Improvements in Industrial Equipment
    5. Problems
    6. References
  16. 5. Electricity Supply Systems
    1. 5.1 Historical Development of the U.S. Electric Power System
    2. 5.2 Electrical Transmission
    3. 5.3 The Electric Grid and Electricity Markets
      1. 5.3.1 Rate Structures
      2. 5.3.2 Electricity Markets
        1. 5.3.2.1 Energy Market
        2. 5.3.2.2 Capacity Market
        3. 5.3.2.3 Ancillary Services Market
        4. 5.3.2.4 Financial Transmission Rights Market
    4. 5.4 Grid Operations
    5. 5.5 Integration of Variable Renewable Energy into the Grid
    6. 5.6 Demand Response and Transactional Controls
    7. Problems
    8. References
  17. 6. Fossil Fuels
    1. 6.1 Fossil Fuel Resources and Extraction
      1. 6.1.1 Coal
      2. 6.1.2 Natural Gas
      3. 6.1.3 Petroleum
    2. 6.2 Fossil Fuel Combustion and Energy Conversion Technologies
      1. 6.2.1 Heat of Combustion
      2. 6.2.2 Fossil Fuel Use for Heat
      3. 6.2.3 Electricity Generation from Pulverized Coal
      4. 6.2.4 Electricity Generation from Natural Gas
      5. 6.2.5 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
    3. 6.3 Air Pollution from Fossil Fuel Combustion
      1. 6.3.1 Local and Regional Scale Air Pollution
      2. 6.3.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change
      3. 6.3.3 Carbon Capture and Sequestration
      4. 6.3.4 Leaving It in the Ground
    4. Problems
    5. References
  18. 7. Nuclear Energy
    1. 7.1 Introduction
    2. 7.2 Fission Mechanism
    3. 7.3 Available Nuclear Resources
      1. 7.3.1 Uranium Resources
      2. 7.3.2 Plutonium
    4. 7.4 Reactor Types
      1. 7.4.1 Pressurized-Water Reactors (PWRs)
      2. 7.4.2 Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs)
      3. 7.4.3 Heavy Water Cooled and Moderated Reactor
    5. 7.5 Nuclear Waste Management and Disposal
    6. 7.6 Spent Fuel Storage and Reprocessing
    7. 7.7 Nuclear Power Plant Accidents
    8. 7.8 Current Status and Cost of Nuclear Technology
    9. 7.9 Next-Generation Nuclear Technologies
    10. Discussion Questions
    11. Acknowledgment
    12. References
  19. 8. Wind Energy
    1. 8.1 Introduction
    2. 8.2 Environmental Impact
      1. 8.2.1 Noise and Visual Impact
      2. 8.2.2 Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Land, and Water Use
      3. 8.2.3 Bird and Bat Fatalities
    3. 8.3 Power and Energy of Wind
    4. 8.4 Coefficient of Performance
    5. 8.5 Aerodynamics
    6. 8.6 Wind Characteristics
      1. 8.6.1 Wind Generation
      2. 8.6.2 Distribution of Wind
      3. 8.6.3 Wind Speed Increasing with Height
      4. 8.6.4 Log Law Wind Speed Profile
      5. 8.6.5 Power Law Wind Speed Profile
      6. 8.6.6 Probability of Observing a Given Wind Speed
    7. 8.7 Turbine Performance
      1. 8.7.1 Control Schemes
    8. 8.8 Levelized Cost of Energy for a Wind Turbine
    9. 8.9 Wind Farms
    10. 8.10 Offshore Wind Energy
    11. 8.11 System Advisor Model for Wind Farm Analysis
    12. 8.12 Additional Topics for Study
    13. Acknowledgment
    14. Problems
    15. References
  20. 9. Capturing Solar Energy through Biomass
    1. 9.1 Biomass Production and Land Use
      1. 9.1.1 Waste Materials
      2. 9.1.2 Energy Crops
      3. 9.1.3 Algae
      4. 9.1.4 Land Use for Biomass Production
      5. 9.1.5 Important Properties of Biomass
    2. 9.2 Biomass Process Economics and Technology
      1. 9.2.1 Biomass Process Economics
      2. 9.2.2 Conversion of Biomass to Gaseous Fuels
        1. 9.2.2.1 Biomass to Biogas
        2. 9.2.2.2 Biomass to Synthetic Gas
      3. 9.2.3 Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels
        1. 9.2.3.1 Corn Ethanol
        2. 9.2.3.2 Cellulosic Ethanol
        3. 9.2.3.3 Biomass Fermentation to Alternative Fuels
        4. 9.2.3.4 Biomass to Fischer–Tropsch Liquids
        5. 9.2.3.5 Biomass Pyrolysis Oil to Gasoline and Diesel
        6. 9.2.3.6 Compressed Gases as Transportation Fuel
        7. 9.2.3.7 Modern Concepts in Biofuel Conversion
      4. 9.2.4 Conversion of Biomass to Electricity
        1. 9.2.4.1 Direct Combustion
        2. 9.2.4.2 Combustion Equipment
        3. 9.2.4.3 Biomass Cofiring
      5. 9.2.5 Fossil and Biomass Fuel Properties
    3. 9.3 Use of Biomass in Developing Communities
    4. 9.4 Conclusions
    5. Problems
    6. References
  21. 10. Fundamentals of Solar Radiation
    1. 10.1 Physics of the Sun and Its Energy Transport
    2. 10.2 Thermal Radiation Fundamentals
      1. 10.2.1 Black-Body Radiation
      2. 10.2.2 Radiation Function Tables
      3. 10.2.3 Intensity of Radiation and Shape Factor
      4. 10.2.4 Transmission of Radiation through a Medium
    3. 10.3 Sun–Earth Geometric Relationship
      1. 10.3.1 Solar Time and Angles
      2. 10.3.2 Sun-Path Diagram
      3. 10.3.3 Shadow-Angle Protractor
    4. 10.4 Solar Radiation
      1. 10.4.1 Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation
    5. 10.5 Estimation of Terrestrial Solar Radiation
      1. 10.5.1 Atmospheric Extinction of Solar Radiation
      2. 10.5.2 Solar Radiation on Clear Days
      3. 10.5.3 Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface
    6. 10.6 TMY Data to Determine Solar Radiation
    7. 10.7 Measurement of Solar Radiation
      1. 10.7.1 Instruments for Measuring Solar Radiation and Sunshine
      2. 10.7.2 Detectors for Solar Radiation Instrumentation
      3. 10.7.3 Measurement of Sunshine Duration
      4. 10.7.4 Measurement of Spectral Solar Radiation
      5. 10.7.5 National Solar Radiation Database
    8. Problems
    9. References
  22. 11. Photovoltaics
    1. 11.1 Semiconductors
      1. 11.1.1 p–n Junction
      2. 11.1.2 Photovoltaic Effect
    2. 11.2 Analysis of Photovoltaic Cells
      1. 11.2.1 Efficiency of Solar Cells
      2. 11.2.2 Multijunction Solar Cells
      3. 11.2.3 Design of a Photovoltaic System
    3. 11.3 Manufacture of Solar Cells and Panels
      1. 11.3.1 Single Crystal and Polycrystalline Cells
      2. 11.3.2 Amorphous Silicon
    4. 11.4 Design for Remote Photovoltaic Applications
      1. 11.4.1 Estimation of Loads and Load Profiles
      2. 11.4.2 Estimation of Available Solar Radiation
      3. 11.4.3 PV System Sizing
      4. 11.4.4 Water Pumping Applications
    5. 11.5 Thin-Film PV Technology
    6. 11.6 Multilayer PV Technology
    7. 11.7 Today’s PV Market
    8. 11.8 Using System Advisor Model (SAM) for PV Performance Estimates
    9. Problems
    10. References
    11. Suggested Readings
  23. 12. Solar Thermal Collectors and Systems
    1. 12.1 Radiation Properties of Materials
      1. 12.1.1 Selective Surfaces
      2. 12.1.2 Reflective Surfaces
    2. 12.2 Energy Balance for a Flat Plate Collector
    3. 12.3 Experimental Testing of Collectors
      1. 12.3.1 Testing Standards for Solar Thermal Collectors
    4. 12.4 Evacuated Tube Collectors
    5. 12.5 Transpired Air Collectors
    6. 12.6 Concentrating Solar Collectors
      1. 12.6.1 Line-Focus Concentrators
        1. 12.6.1.1 Parabolic Troughs
        2. 12.6.1.2 Linear Fresnel Collectors
      2. 12.6.2 Point-Focus Concentrators
    7. 12.7 Solar Domestic Hot Water, Space Heating, and Cooling Systems
      1. 12.7.1 Solar Thermosyphon Water Heating
      2. 12.7.2 Forced-Circulation Hot Water Systems
      3. 12.7.3 Liquid-Based Solar Heating Systems for Buildings
      4. 12.7.4 Passive Solar Heating Systems
      5. 12.7.5 Solar Cooling Systems
    8. 12.8 Solar Thermal Power Plants
      1. 12.8.1 Parabolic Trough-Based Power Plants
      2. 12.8.2 Power Towers
    9. 12.9 Solar Industrial Process Heat
    10. Problems
    11. References
  24. 13. Ocean, Hydropower, and Geothermal Energy Conversion
    1. 13.1 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
      1. 13.1.1 Closed-Cycle Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
      2. 13.1.2 Open-Cycle Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
      3. 13.1.3 Direct Contact Evaporation and Condensation
      4. 13.1.4 Comparison of Open- and Closed-Cycle OTEC Systems
      5. 13.1.5 Cold-Water Pipe and Pumping Requirements
      6. 13.1.6 Economics
    2. 13.2 Tidal Energy
    3. 13.3 Wave Energy
      1. 13.3.1 Deep Water Wave Power
      2. 13.3.2 Wave Power Devices
    4. 13.4 Hydropower
    5. 13.5 Geothermal Energy
      1. 13.5.1 Geothermal Power
        1. 13.5.1.1 Current Commercial Geothermal Power Technologies
        2. 13.5.1.2 Technology Status
      2. 13.5.2 Direct Use of Geothermal Energy
    6. Problems
    7. References
  25. 14. Storage Technologies
    1. 14.1 Overview of Storage Technology
      1. 14.1.1 Applications
      2. 14.1.2 Technology Characterization
    2. 14.2 Mechanical Technologies
      1. 14.2.1 Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage
        1. 14.2.1.1 Turbines
      2. 14.2.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage
      3. 14.2.3 Flywheels
    3. 14.3 Direct Electrical Technologies
      1. 14.3.1 Ultracapacitors
      2. 14.3.2 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
    4. 14.4 Fundamentals of Batteries and Fuel Cells
      1. 14.4.1 Principles of Battery Operation
      2. 14.4.2 Cell Physics
    5. 14.5 Rechargeable Batteries
      1. 14.5.1 Lead-Acid Batteries
      2. 14.5.2 Nickel Metal (Ni-Cd and Ni-MH)
      3. 14.5.3 Lithium Ion
      4. 14.5.4 Flow Batteries
    6. 14.6 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
      1. 14.6.1 Principles of Fuel Cell Operation
      2. 14.6.2 Types of Fuel Cells
      3. 14.6.3 Generation of Hydrogen
      4. 14.6.4 Storage and Transport
      5. 14.6.5 Thermodynamics and Economics
    7. 14.7 Thermal Energy Storage
      1. 14.7.1 Sensible Heat
      2. 14.7.2 Phase Change Heat Storage
      3. 14.7.3 Thermochemical Storage
      4. 14.7.4 Applications
      5. 14.7.5 Thermal Storage for Concentrating Collector Systems
      6. 14.7.6 Overnight Storage for Buildings and Domestic Hot Water
    8. 14.8 Virtual Storage in the Electric Transmission Grid
    9. Problems
    10. References
  26. 15. Transportation
    1. 15.1 Introduction
    2. 15.2 Overview of Transportation Systems and Energy Use
    3. 15.3 Well-to-Wheels Analysis
    4. 15.4 Biofuels
    5. 15.5 Hybrid Electric Vehicles
    6. 15.6 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
    7. 15.7 Combining HEVs or PHEVs with Biofuels
      1. 15.7.1 Petroleum Requirement
      2. 15.7.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions
    8. 15.8 Future All-Electric System
    9. 15.9 Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel
    10. 15.10 Hydrogen for Transportation
    11. Problems
    12. References
    13. Online Resources
  27. Index

Product information

  • Title: Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems, Third Edition, 3rd Edition
  • Author(s): Frank Kreith, Charles F. Kutscher, Jana B. Milford
  • Release date: August 2018
  • Publisher(s): CRC Press
  • ISBN: 9780429939167