1Introduction

Materials always have been of crucial importance for society. The wide range of the presently existent materials provides a large variety of properties that have been put to full use for many applications. However, applications often require a combination of properties or, actually, different properties at different locations and times, dependent on the circumstances at hand. Hence, combinations of materials are important and, since properties at surfaces are usually required to be different from those in bulk, coatings have become an important branch of materials science.

1.1 Scope

For nominally single‐phase bulk materials, one can distinguish between inorganic, polymeric, and metallic materials. Furthermore, one has multiphase ...

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