Organizational Cultures of Remembrance

Endnotes

1

All translations in this book are mine.

2

Formalization (and its adjective formal) refers to both the process and the degree to which the contingency of actions is restricted and governed through predetermination, rules, regulations, and procedures that are made explicit and binding. According to Luhmann (1964), human actions become determinable, traceable, repeatable, and less inclined to personal and/or arbitrary decisions because they are bound to behavioral expectations. Following Weber (2008), bureaucracy emerges by formalizing and controlling the process of organizing to a strong degree. The term informal, on the other hand, denotes the opposite of formal. Following Luhmann (1964), it refers to the absence of predetermination ...