Nursing Research and Statistics

Table of contents

1. Cover
2. Title Page
3. Contents
4. About NRSI
5. About the Contributors
6. Foreword
7. Preface
8. Chapter 1: Introduction to Nursing Research
   1. Nursing Research: A Perspective
   2. Historical Development of Nursing Research
      1. Nursing Research Development in USA
      2. History of Nursing Research in Europe
      3. Nursing Research in India
   3. Definition and Meaning
   4. Nursing Research Versus Research in Nursing
   5. Scientific Method and Research Process
   6. Nursing Research and Problem-solving
   7. Need and Importance of Nursing Research
      1. Validates Nursing as a Profession
      2. Refines Existing Knowledge on Nursing Practice
      3. Provides Scientific Basis and Demonstrates Accountability to Profession
   8. Characteristics of a Good Research
      1. Attributes of a Researcher
   9. Types of Research
      1. Purpose
      2. Approach to Research
   10. Research Utilization
   11. Evidence-based Practice
       1. Importance of Evidence-based Practice in Nursing
       2. Determining Best Evidence
       3. Integrating the Evidence
       4. Evaluating the Effectiveness
   12. Key Points
   13. Questions
   14. Further Reading
9. Chapter 2: Research Process
   1. Introduction
      1. Research Process
      2. Phases and Steps in Quantitative Research
   2. Qualitative Research
      1. Steps in Qualitative Research
      2. Sampling in Qualitative Research
      3. Sampling Methods Used in Qualitative Research
      4. Methods of Data Collection in Qualitative Research
      5. Recording the Data in Qualitative Research
      6. Errors in Data Collection and Data Analysis in Qualitative Research
      7. Analyzing Data in Qualitative Research
      8. Ensuring Validity of Information in Qualitative Research
      9. Evaluation of Results of Qualitative Research
      10. Ethical Principles of Qualitative Research
      11. Types of Qualitative Research
   3. Selecting Quantitative Vs Qualitative Research
   4. Key Points
   5. Questions
   6. Further Reading
10. Chapter 3: Research Problem
    1. Introduction
    2. Research Problem
       1. Definitions of Problem
       2. Why Define the Research Problem?
       3. Selection of a Research Problem: Criteria
       4. Characteristics of Good Topics
       5. Defining Terms in a Problem Statement
       6. Identification and Formulation of Research Problem
    3. Research Question
    4. Research Objectives
       1. Types of Research Objectives
       2. Characteristics of Research Objectives
       3. Need for Research Objectives
       4. Methods of Stating Objectives
    5. Variables
       1. Types of Variables
       2. Dependent Versus Independent Variables
    6. Hypothesis
       1. Wording the Research Hypothesis
       2. Sources of Hypothesis
       3. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
       4. Types and Forms of Hypotheses
       5. Formulation of a Research Hypothesis
       6. Tips on Developing Research Problems and Hypotheses
    7. Limitations
       1. Theoretical Limitations
       2. Methodological Limitations
    8. Delimitations
    9. Assumptions
       1. Assumptions Versus Hypotheses
       2. Uses of Assumptions in Research
       3. Types of Assumptions
    10. Key Points
    11. Questions
    12. Further Reading
11. Chapter 4: Review of Literature
    1. Introduction
    2. Meaning
    3. Definitions
    4. Goals of Literature Review
    5. Importance of Literature Review
    6. Purposes of Review of Literature
       1. Literature Review for Research Purposes
       2. For Non-research Purposes
    7. Literature Review in Quantitative and Qualitative Research
       1. In Quantitative Research
       2. In Qualitative Research
    8. Types of Literature Reviews
    9. Literature Review and Research Process
       1. Problem Statement and Hypothesis
       2. Study Variables
       3. Theoretical Framework
       4. Design and Method
       5. Data Analysis Techniques
       6. Findings, Implications, and Recommendations
    10. Components of Review of Literature
    11. Skills Required in Review of Literature
    12. Literature Review Process
    13. Steps of Literature Review
        1. Selecting a Review Topic
        2. Searching the Literature
        3. Analysing and Synthesizing the Literature
        4. Writing the Review
        5. References
    14. Critiquing the Literature Review
    15. Ethical Consideration in Literature Review
    16. Summary
    17. Key Points
    18. Questions
    19. Further Reading
12. Chapter 5: Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks
    1. Introduction
    2. What is a Theory?
       1. Definitions
       2. Elements of a Theory
       3. Components of a Theory
       4. Role and Functions of Theory in Research
    3. Defining Concepts, Constructs, Propositions, Hypotheses, Definitions, and Empirical Referents or Indicators
       1. Concepts
       2. Constructs
       3. Propositions
       4. Hypotheses
       5. Definitions
       6. Empirical Referents or Indicators
    4. What is Nursing Theory?
       1. Meaning
       2. Development of Nursing Theory
       3. Paradigm
       4. Types of Theories
    5. Models
       1. Conceptual Model
       2. Conceptual Map
    6. Frameworks
       1. Meaning and Definitions
       2. Theoretical Framework
       3. Conceptual Framework
       4. Study Framework
       5. Differences among Theoretical, Conceptual, and Study Frameworks
    7. Basics to Framework for Research
       1. Deductive Approach
       2. Inductive Approach
    8. Nature of Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks
    9. Purposes of Having Framework
    10. Developing Theoretical and Conceptual or Study Frameworks
        1. Developing and Defining Concepts
        2. Developing Relational Statements
        3. Developing Hierarchical Statement Sets
        4. Constructing a Conceptual Map
    11. Checklist to Evaluate Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
    12. Key Points
    13. Questions
    14. Further Reading
13. Chapter 6: Ethics in Research
    1. Introduction
    2. Historical Background
    3. Importance of Ethical Considerations in Research
    4. Risk to Study Subjects in Quantitative Research or Clinical Trials
    5. Ethics in Qualitative Research
    6. Risks to the Participants in Qualitative Research
       1. Anxiety and Distress
       2. Identification of the Participant by Self or Others
       3. Misrepresentation
       4. Inconvenience and Opportunity Costs
    7. Code of Ethics in Nursing Sciences
    8. Ethical Principles
       1. Definition
       2. Principles
    9. Code of Ethics for Nurses in India (Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, Indian Nursing Council)
       1. Introduction
       2. Purposes
       3. Uses of the Code
       4. Code of Ethics for Nurses in India
       5. Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in India
       6. Vulnerable Individuals
       7. Ethical Issues
    10. Ways to Improve Attention Towards Ethical Issues in Planning and Conduct of Research 124
    11. Analysis or Evaluation of Risk/Benefit Ratio by the Researcher
        1. Major Potential Benefits to Participants
        2. Major Potential Risks to Participants
        3. Risk and Benefits (Algorithm)
        4. Informed Consent
    12. Ethics Committee or Institution Review Boards
        1. Role of Ethics Committee
    13. Rights and Responsibilities of Researchers and Institutions
        1. Relationship between Researchers and institutions
        2. Protection and Promotion of Integrity in Research
        3. Relationship among Researchers
        4. Data Sharing
    14. Ethical Dilemmas for Nurses
    15. Guidelines for Criticizing Ethical Aspect of a Research
    16. Key Points
    17. Questions
    18. Further Reading
14. Chapter 7: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Approaches and Designs
    1. Introduction
    2. Quantitative Research Approach
       1. What is Quantitative Research?
       2. Review of the Terms Relevant to Quantitative Research
       3. Type and Designs of Quantitative Research
       4. Control in Quantitative Research
       5. Steps in Quantitative Research
    3. Qualitative Research Approach
       1. Philosophical View of Qualitative Research Approach
       2. Characteristics of Qualitative Research Design
       3. Phases of Qualitative Research Approach
       4. Importance of Qualitative Research
       5. Types of Qualitative Research
    4. Factors Affecting Selection of Research Design
    5. Critiquing Research Design
    6. Key Points
    7. Questions
    8. Further Reading
15. Chapter 8: Population, Sampling and Data Collection Methods in Qualitative Research
    1. Introduction
    2. Definition of Qualitative Research
    3. Why to Use a Qualitative Methodology?
       1. Distinct Characteristics of Qualitative Research
    4. Population, Samples, and Sampling
       1. Sampling Strategies for Qualitative Researchers
       2. The Logic of Qualitative Sampling
       3. Types of Qualitative Sampling
       4. Types of Purposeful Sampling
       5. Deciding When to Stop Sampling
    5. Conclusion
    6. Key Points
    7. Questions
    8. Further Reading
16. Chapter 9: Population and Sampling in Quantitative Studies
    1. Introduction
    2. Basic Terms Used in Sampling
       1. Population
       2. Target and Accessible Population
       3. Eligibility Criteria
       4. Sample and Sampling
       5. Element
       6. Strata
       7. Sample Size
       8. Sampling Bias
       9. Sampling Error
       10. Selection Bias
       11. Sampling Frame
       12. Sample Selection Strategy
       13. Sampling Designs
    3. Classification of Sampling
       1. Non-probability Sampling
       2. Probability Sampling
    4. Steps in Sampling of Quantitative Studies
       1. Identify the Population
       2. Specify the Eligibility Criteria
       3. Specify the Sampling Plan
       4. Recruit the Sample
    5. Guidelines for Critiquing the Sampling Designs
    6. Key Points
    7. Questions
    8. Further Reading
17. Chapter 10: Development of Research Tool
    1. Introduction
    2. Data Collection
       1. Concept
       2. Data Collection Instruments
       3. Steps in Developing a Research Tool
       4. Standardized Tools Used in Nursing Studies
    3. Self-Report Schedule or Questionnaire
       1. General Form and Sections
       2. Sequence of Questions
       3. Language and Question Formation
       4. Closed- and Open-ended Questions
       5. Qualities of a Good Questionnaire
    4. Interview Schedule
       1. Types of Interview Schedules
       2. Differences between Questionnaire and Interview Schedule
       3. Advantages of Interviews
       4. Tips for Developing a Questionnaire or Interview Schedule
    5. Observation as a Method of Data Collection
       1. Types of Observations
       2. Event and Time Sampling
       3. Drawbacks of Observation Method
       4. Methods to Prepare an Observation Checklist
    6. Rating Scales
    7. Reliability and Validity of Research Tools
       1. Reliability of Measurement Instruments
       2. Validity of the Research Instrument
    8. Procedure for Data Collection
       1. Sources of Data
       2. Collection of Data
    9. Key Points
    10. Questions
    11. Further Reading
18. Chapter 11: Data Analysis and Interpretation
    1. Research Data Analysis
       1. Variables
       2. Unit of Analysis
       3. Types of Data
    2. What is Data Analysis?
    3. Data Measurement
       1. Levels of Measurement
    4. Steps in Data Analysis
       1. Data Preparation
       2. Describing the Data
       3. Testing Hypotheses
    5. Descriptive Statistics
       1. Measures to Condense Data
       2. Measures of Central Tendency
       3. Measures of Variability or Dispersion
       4. Measures of Relationship (Multivariate)
    6. Inferential Statistics
       1. Purposes of Inferential Statistics
       2. Principles of Hypothesis Testing
       3. Parametric and Non-Parametric Statistical Tests: Classification of Inferential Statistics
       4. Choosing Correct Statistical Tests
    7. Advanced Statistical Methods
       1. Multiple Regression
       2. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
       3. Canonical Correlation
       4. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
       5. Meta-analysis
    8. Analysis of Qualitative Data
       1. Types of Qualitative Research
       2. Forms of Data
       3. Tools Used for Qualitative Data Collection and Method of Data Analysis
       4. Qualitative Data Processing
       5. Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis
    9. What is Generalization
    10. Presentation of Data
        1. Basic Principles of Data Presentation (ABCDE Principles)
        2. Common Methods of Data Presentation
    11. Conclusion
    12. Key Points
    13. Questions
    14. Further Reading
19. Chapter 12: Critique of Nursing Research Studies
    1. Introduction
    2. Meaning and Concepts of Critique
       1. Meaning of Critique
       2. Concepts of Critique
       3. Purposes of Nursing Research Critique
       4. Types of Critique
    3. Process of Conducting a Research Critique
       1. Comprehension
       2. Comparison
       3. Analysis
       4. Evaluation
       5. Steps in Conducting Nursing Research Critique
    4. Critiquing Quantitative Research Studies
    5. Elements of Research Critique
       1. Guidelines for Critiquing Quantitative Research Studies in Nursing
    6. Critiquing Qualitative Research Design
    7. Key Points
    8. Questions
    9. Further Reading
20. Chapter 13: Communication of Research Results: Oral and Written
    1. Introduction
    2. Strategies Adopted for Communicating Research Results
       1. Oral Presentations
       2. Written Reports
    3. Oral Communication of Research Results
       1. Presentations at Professional Conferences
    4. Written Communication of Research Results
       1. Quantitative Research Report Communication
       2. Qualitative Research Reports
    5. Types of Written Research Reports
       1. Theses and Dissertations
       2. Traditional Journal Articles
       3. Electronic Publication
    6. Key Points
    7. Questions
    8. Further Reading
21. Chapter 14: Research Utilization and Evidence-based Nursing Practice
    1. Introduction
    2. Elements of Research Utilization (RU)
       1. Summarizing Research Knowledge
       2. Communicating Research Knowledge
       3. Achieving Desired Outcomes in Health Care System
    3. Research Utilization and Evidence-based Practice (EBP)
    4. Research Utilization Continuum
    5. Types of Research Utilization
    6. Research Utilization in Qualitative Research
       1. Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory Model
       2. Research Utilization in Nursing Practice
       3. Steps in Research Utilization
    7. Evidence-based Practice
       1. Overview of Evidence-based Practice Movement
       2. Types of Evidence and Evidence Hierarchies
    8. Barriers to Research Utilization
       1. Research-related Barriers
       2. Nurse-related Barriers
       3. Organizational Barriers
       4. Barriers Related to the Nursing Profession
    9. The Process of Using Research in Nursing Practice
       1. Models for Evidence-based Nursing Practice
    10. Key Points
    11. Questions
    12. Further Reading
22. Chapter 15: Fundamentals of Statistics
    1. Introduction
    2. Basic Concepts and Descriptive Statistics
       1. Measures of Central Tendency
       2. Measures of Variability (Dispersion)
       3. Normal Distribution
       4. Measures of Relationship
    3. Inferential Statistics and Its Applications in Nursing Research
       1. Error in Testing
       2. Parametric Tests
       3. Design of Experiment
       4. Non-parametric Tests
    4. Statistical Packages and Its Applications in Nursing and Allied Health Sciences
       1. Microsoft Excel
       2. SPSS
       3. SAS
       4. Minitab
    5. The SPSS Environment
       1. Data Editor
       2. The Output Viewer
       3. Steps to be Followed for Data Analysis Using the SPSS
    6. Microsoft Excel
       1. Data Entry on the Worksheet
       2. Calculations on the Worksheet
       3. Built-in Functions for Quick Use
    7. Key Points
    8. Questions
    9. Further Reading
23. Appendix: Statistical Tables
24. Glossary
25. Copyright
26. Back Cover