IMPORTANT NOTATIONS
| Symbol | Meaning |
| ai(i = 1, 2, …, n) | Loop parameters of nth-order PLL |
| an, ak | Digital data values |
| A | Amplifier gain |
| A(s) | Open-loop gain |
| A(ω) | Amplitude of transfer function |
| Amplitude response of network | |
| Bi | Bandwidth of input bandpass filter (Hz) |
| BL | Noise bandwidth of PLL (Hz) |
| B(s) | Closed-loop gain of PLL |
| E(s) | Error function |
| F | Noise figure |
| f, fi | Frequency (Hz) |
| fc | Corner frequency of flicker noise |
| fm | Fourier frequency (side band, offset, modulation, baseband frequency) |
| fo | Carrier frequency |
| f(t) | Instantaneous frequency |
| Δf | Peak frequency deviation (Hz) |
| Δf(t) | Instantaneous frequency fluctuation |
| Δfpeak | Peak deviation of sinusoidal frequency modulation |
| Δfres | Residual FM |
| F(s), F(jw) | Transfer function of loop filter |
| G(s), G(jw) | Feedforward function (rad/s) |
| Gn(s) | Transfer characteristic of a divider |
| H(s), H(jw) | Feedback transfer function |
| K | Loop gain (rad/s) |
 |
Phase detector gain before lock (V/rad) |
| Kθ | Phase detector gain factor (V/rad) |
| Km | Multiplier gain |
| Ko | VCO gain factor (rad/s V) |
| Ks | Shaper constant |
| Kv | de Gain of PLL or Velocity error coefficient (rad/s) |
| k | An integer or an integer index on a sequence |
| k | 1.4 × 10−23 W s/K |
| L(x) | Laplace transform of x |
 (fm) |
Single-sideband phase noise to total signal power ... |
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