Light and Optics

Light and Optics

by Abdul Al-Azzawi
Released October 2018
Publisher(s): CRC Press
ISBN: 9781351838146

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Book description

Light and Optics: Principles and Practices offers a detailed and focused treatment for anyone in need of authoritative information on this critical area underlying photonics. Using a consistent approach, the author leads readers step-by-step through each topic. Each skillfully crafted chapter first explores the theoretical concepts of each topic, and then demonstrates how these principles apply to real-world applications by guiding readers through experimental cases illuminated with numerous illustrations. The text discusses standard tools, equipment, and devices that are universally available in most labs and includes a 12-page, full-color insert containing nearly 20 images from the text.

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright Page
  5. Table of Contents
  6. Chapter 1 The Nature of Light
    1. 1.1 Introduction
    2. 1.2 The Evolution of Light Theory
    3. 1.3 Measurements of the Speed of Light
      1. 1.3.1 Galileo’s Attempts
      2. 1.3.2 Roemer’s Method
      3. 1.3.3 Fizeau’s Method
      4. 1.3.4 Michelson’s Measurements
      5. 1.3.5 Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Waves Method
    4. 1.4 Light Sources
    5. 1.5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
    6. 1.6 Types of Electromagnetic Waves
      1. 1.6.1 Radiofrequency Waves
      2. 1.6.2 Microwaves
      3. 1.6.3 Infrared Waves
      4. 1.6.4 Visible Light
      5. 1.6.5 Ultraviolet Light
      6. 1.6.6 X-Rays
      7. 1.6.7 Gamma Rays
    7. 1.7 Properties of Light
      1. 1.7.1 Absorption
      2. 1.7.2 Transmission
      3. 1.7.3 Reflection
      4. 1.7.4 Refraction
      5. 1.7.5 Interference
      6. 1.7.6 Diffraction
      7. 1.7.7 Polarization
    8. Further Reading
  7. Chapter 2 Light and Shadows
    1. 2.1 Introduction
    2. 2.2 Shadows
    3. 2.3 Solar Eclipse
    4. 2.4 Lunar Eclipse
    5. 2.5 Applications of Shadows
    6. 2.6 Experimental Work
      1. 2.6.1 Technique and Apparatus
      2. 2.6.2 Procedure
      3. 2.6.3 Safety Procedures
      4. 2.6.4 Apparatus Set-Up
      5. 2.6.5 Data Collection
      6. 2.6.6 Calculations and Analysis
      7. 2.6.7 Results and Discussions
      8. 2.6.8 Conclusion
      9. 2.6.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    7. 2.7 List of References
    8. 2.8 Appendices
    9. Further Reading
  8. Chapter 3 Thermal Radiation
    1. 3.1 Introduction
    2. 3.2 Thermal Radiation
    3. 3.3 Light and Energy
    4. 3.4 Solar Radiation Energy
    5. 3.5 Classification of Solar Collectors
    6. 3.6 Flat-Plate Collectors
    7. 3.7 Solar Heating Systems
      1. 3.7.1 Solar Air Heating Systems
      2. 3.7.2 Solar Water Heating Systems
    8. 3.8 Hot Water and Steam Generation Systems
    9. 3.9 Vapour Absorption Refrigeration/Air Conditioning Systems
    10. 3.10 Photovoltaic Systems
    11. 3.11 Experimental Work
      1. 3.11.1 Solar Radiation Measurements
      2. 3.11.2 Technique and Apparatus
      3. 3.11.3 Procedure
      4. 3.11.4 Safety Procedure
      5. 3.11.5 Apparatus Set-Up
      6. 3.11.6 Data Collection
      7. 3.11.7 Calculations and Analysis
      8. 3.11.8 Results and Discussions
      9. 3.11.9 Conclusion
      10. 3.11.10 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    12. 3.12 List of References
    13. 3.13 Appendices
    14. 3.14 Weather Station
    15. Further Reading
  9. Chapter 4 Light Production
    1. 4.1 Introduction
    2. 4.2 Spontaneous Light Emission
    3. 4.3 Stimulated Light Emission
    4. 4.4 Light Production by Different Energy Sources
      1. 4.4.1 Heat Energy
      2. 4.4.2 Electrical Discharge
      3. 4.4.3 Electrical Current
      4. 4.4.4 Absorption of Light
      5. 4.4.5 Chemical Reaction
      6. 4.4.6 Biological Reactions
      7. 4.4.7 Nuclear Radiation
      8. 4.4.8 Electrical Current
        1. 4.4.8.1 Incandescent Light Lamps
        2. 4.4.8.2 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
        3. 4.4.8.3 Fluorescent Light Lamps
        4. 4.4.8.4 Black Lights
        5. 4.4.8.5 Phosphorescent Materials
        6. 4.4.8.6 High-Pressure Mercury Discharge Lamps
        7. 4.4.8.7 Metal Halide Discharge Lamps
        8. 4.4.8.8 Sodium Lamps
        9. 4.4.8.9 Energy Efficient Light Bulbs
        10. 4.4.8.10 Lasers
    5. 4.5 Experimental Work
      1. 4.5.1 Technique and Apparatus
      2. 4.5.2 Procedure
      3. 4.5.3 Safety Procedure
      4. 4.5.4 Apparatus Set-Up
        1. 4.5.4.1 Light Emission from Five Different Light Sources
        2. 4.5.4.2 Light Emission from an LED and Laser Diode
      5. 4.5.5 Data Collection
        1. 4.5.5.1 Light Emission from Five Different Light Sources
        2. 4.5.5.2 Light Emission from an LED and Laser Diode
      6. 4.5.6 Calculations and Analysis
        1. 4.5.6.1 Light Emission from Five Different Light Sources
        2. 4.5.6.2 Light Emission from an LED and Laser Diode
      7. 4.5.7 Results and Discussions
        1. 4.5.7.1 Light Emission from Five Different Light Sources
        2. 4.5.7.2 Light Emission from an LED and Laser Diode
      8. 4.5.8 Conclusion
      9. 4.5.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    6. 4.6 List of References
    7. 4.7 Appendices
    8. Further Reading
  10. Chapter 5 Light Intensity
    1. 5.1 Introduction
    2. 5.2 Light Intensity
    3. 5.3 Luminous Flux
    4. 5.4 Luminous Intensity
    5. 5.5 Illumination
    6. 5.6 Experimental Work
      1. 5.6.1 Technique and Apparatus
      2. 5.6.2 Procedure
      3. 5.6.3 Safety Procedure
      4. 5.6.4 Apparatus Set-Up
        1. 5.6.4.1 Light Intensity From Five Different Light Sources
        2. 5.6.4.2 Distribution of Light Intensity on a Flat Surface
      5. 5.6.5 Data Collection
        1. 5.6.5.1 Light Intensity from Five Different Light Sources
        2. 5.6.5.2 Distribution of Light Intensity on a Flat Surface
      6. 5.6.6 Calculations and Analysis
        1. 5.6.6.1 Light Intensity from Five Different Light Sources
        2. 5.6.6.2 Distribution of Light Intensity on a Flat Surface
      7. 5.6.7 Results and Discussions
        1. 5.6.7.1 Light Intensity from Five Different Light Sources
        2. 5.6.7.2 Distribution of Light Intensity on a Flat Surface
      8. 5.6.8 Conclusion
      9. 5.6.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    7. 5.7 List of References
    8. 5.8 Appendices
    9. Further Reading
  11. Chapter 6 Light and Colour
    1. 6.1 Introduction
    2. 6.2 Colours
    3. 6.3 Mixing Light Colours
      1. 6.3.1 Additive Method of Colour Mixing
      2. 6.3.2 Subtractive Method of Colour Mixing
    4. 6.4 The Colour Triangle
    5. 6.5 The C.I.E. Chromaticity Diagram
    6. 6.6 Colour Televisions
    7. 6.7 Spectral Transmittance Curves
    8. 6.8 Colour Temperature
    9. 6.9 Newton’s Colour Wheel
    10. 6.10 Black and White Colour Strip Intersection Wheel
    11. 6.11 Black and White Colour Strip Wheel
    12. 6.12 Experimental Work
      1. 6.12.1 Technique and Apparatus
      2. 6.12.2 Procedure
      3. 6.12.3 Safety Procedure
      4. 6.12.4 Apparatus Set-Up
        1. 6.12.4.1 Additive Method of Colour Mixing
        2. 6.12.4.2 Subtractive Method of Colour Mixing
        3. 6.12.4.3 Newton’s Colour Wheel
        4. 6.12.4.4 Black and White Colour Strip Intersection Wheel
        5. 6.12.4.5 Black and White Colour Strip Wheel
      5. 6.12.5 Data Collection
        1. 6.12.5.1 Additive Method of Colour Mixing
        2. 6.12.5.2 Subtractive Method of Colour Mixing
        3. 6.12.5.3 Newton’s Colour Wheel
        4. 6.12.5.4 Black and White Colour Strip Intersection Wheel
        5. 6.12.5.5 Black and White Colour Strip Wheel
      6. 6.12.6 Calculations and Analysis
      7. 6.12.7 Results and Discussions
        1. 6.12.7.1 Additive Method of Colour Mixing
        2. 6.12.7.2 Subtractive Method of Colour Mixing
        3. 6.12.7.3 Newton’s Colour Wheel
        4. 6.12.7.4 Black and White Colour Strip Intersection Wheel
        5. 6.12.7.5 Black and White Colour Strip Wheel
      8. 6.12.8 Conclusion
      9. 6.12.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    13. 6.13 List of References
    14. 6.14 Appendices
    15. Further Reading
  12. Chapter 7 Laws of Light
    1. 7.1 Introduction
    2. 7.2 Law of Reflection
      1. 7.2.1 Fresnel Reflection
      2. 7.2.2 Back Reflection
    3. 7.3 Law of Refraction
      1. 7.3.1 Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection
    4. 7.4 Experimental Work
      1. 7.4.1 Laser Light Passes through a Water Layer
        1. 7.4.1.1 Law of Refraction at Air–Water Interface
        2. 7.4.1.2 Critical Angle at Water–Air Interface
        3. 7.4.1.3 Total Internal Reflection at Water–Air Interface
      2. 7.4.2 Technique and Apparatus
      3. 7.4.3 Procedure
      4. 7.4.4 Safety Procedure
      5. 7.4.5 Apparatus Set-Up
        1. 7.4.5.1 Laser Light Passes through a Water Layer
        2. 7.4.5.2 Law of Refraction at Air–Water Interface
        3. 7.4.5.3 Critical Angle at Water–Air Interface
        4. 7.4.5.4 Total Internal Reflection at Water–Air Interface
      6. 7.4.6 Data Collection
        1. 7.4.6.1 Laser Light Passes through a Water Layer
        2. 7.4.6.2 Law of Refraction at Air–Water Interface
        3. 7.4.6.3 Critical Angle at Water–Air Interface
        4. 7.4.6.4 Total Internal Reflection at Water–Air Interface
      7. 7.4.7 Calculations and Analysis
        1. 7.4.7.1 Laser Light Passes through a Water Layer
        2. 7.4.7.2 Law of Refraction at Air–Water Interface
        3. 7.4.7.3 Critical Angle at Water–Air Interface
        4. 7.4.7.4 Total Internal Reflection at Water–Air Interface
      8. 7.4.8 Results and Discussions
        1. 7.4.8.1 Laser Light Passes through a Water Layer
        2. 7.4.8.2 Law of Refraction at Air–Water Interface
        3. 7.4.8.3 Critical Angle at Water–Air Interface
        4. 7.4.8.4 Total Internal Reflection at Water–Air Interface
      9. 7.4.9 Conclusion
      10. 7.4.10 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
      11. 7.4.11 List of References
      12. 7.4.12 Appendices
    5. Further Reading
  13. Chapter 8 Plane Mirrors
    1. 8.1 Introduction
    2. 8.2 The Reflection of Light
      1. 8.2.1 An Object Placed in Front of a Plane Mirror
      2. 8.2.2 Multiple Images Formed by an Object Placed between Two Plane Mirrors at Right Angles
      3. 8.2.3 Tracing a Laser beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at an Acute Angle
      4. 8.2.4 Tracing a Laser beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at Right Angles
      5. 8.2.5 Tracing a Laser Beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at an Obtuse Angle
      6. 8.2.6 Tracing a Laser Beam Passing between Three Plane Mirrors at Different Angles
      7. 8.2.7 Tracing a Laser Beam Incident on a Rotating Mirror
    3. 8.3 Experimental Work
      1. 8.3.1 Technique and Apparatus
      2. 8.3.2 Procedure
      3. 8.3.3 Safety Procedure
      4. 8.3.4 Apparatus Setup
        1. 8.3.4.1 A Candle Placed in Front of a Fixed Plane Mirror
        2. 8.3.4.2 A Candle Placed between Two Plane Mirrors at Right Angles
        3. 8.3.4.3 A Laser Beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at an Acute Angle
        4. 8.3.4.4 A Laser Beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at Right Angles
        5. 8.3.4.5 A Laser Beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at an Obtuse Angle
        6. 8.3.4.6 A Beam Source Passing between Three Plane Mirrors at Different Angles
        7. 8.3.4.7 A Laser Beam Incident on a Rotating Mirror
      5. 8.3.5 Data Collection
        1. 8.3.5.1 A Candle Placed in Front of a Fixed Plane Mirror
        2. 8.3.5.2 A Candle Placed between Two Plane Mirrors at Right Angles
        3. 8.3.5.3 A Laser Beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at an Acute Angle
        4. 8.3.5.4 A Laser Beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at Right Angles
        5. 8.3.5.5 A Laser Beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at an Obtuse Angle
        6. 8.3.5.6 A Laser Beam Passing between Three Plane Mirrors at Different Angles
        7. 8.3.5.7 A Laser Beam Incident on a Rotating Mirror
      6. 8.3.6 Calculations and Analysis
        1. 8.3.6.1 A Candle Placed in Front of a Fixed Plane Mirror
        2. 8.3.6.2 A Candle Placed between Two Plane Mirrors at Right Angles
        3. 8.3.6.3 A Laser Beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at an Acute Angle
        4. 8.3.6.4 A Laser Beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at Right Angles
        5. 8.3.6.5 A Laser Beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at an Obtuse Angle
        6. 8.3.6.6 A Laser Beam Passing between Three Plane Mirrors at Different Angles
        7. 8.3.6.7 A Laser Beam Incident on a Rotating Mirror
      7. 8.3.7 Results and Discussions
        1. 8.3.7.1 A Candle Placed in Front of a Fixed Plane Mirror
        2. 8.3.7.2 A Candle Placed between Two Plane Mirrors at Right Angles
        3. 8.3.7.3 A Laser Beam Passing between Two Plane Mirrors at an Acute Angle
      8. 8.3.8 Conclusion
      9. 8.3.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    4. 8.4 List of References
    5. 8.5 Appendices
    6. Further Reading
  14. Chapter 9 Spherical Mirrors
    1. 9.1 Introduction
    2. 9.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors
      1. 9.2.1 Concave Mirrors
      2. 9.2.2 The Mirror Equation
      3. 9.2.3 Convex Mirrors
      4. 9.2.4 Sign Convention for Spherical Mirrors
    3. 9.3 Spherical Aberration
      1. 9.3.1 Formation of Image by Two Spherical Concave Mirrors
    4. 9.4 Experimental Work
      1. 9.4.1 Technique and Apparatus
      2. 9.4.2 Procedure
      3. 9.4.3 Safety Procedure
      4. 9.4.4 Apparatus Setup
        1. 9.4.4.1 Formation of Images by Concave Mirrors
        2. 9.4.4.2 Formation of Images by Convex Mirrors
        3. 9.4.4.3 Formation of Image by Two Spherical Concave Mirrors
      5. 9.4.5 Data Collection
        1. 9.4.5.1 Formation of Images by Concave Mirrors
        2. 9.4.5.2 Formation of Images by Convex Mirrors
        3. 9.4.5.3 Formation of Image by Two Spherical Concave Mirrors
      6. 9.4.6 Calculations and Analysis
        1. 9.4.6.1 Formation of Images by Concave Mirrors
        2. 9.4.6.2 Formation of Images by Convex Mirrors
        3. 9.4.6.3 Formation of Image by Two Spherical Concave Mirrors
      7. 9.4.7 Results and Discussions
        1. 9.4.7.1 Formation of Images by Concave Mirrors
        2. 9.4.7.2 Formation of Images by Convex Mirrors
        3. 9.4.7.3 Formation of Image by Two Spherical Concave Mirrors
      8. 9.4.8 Conclusion
      9. 9.4.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    5. 9.5 List of References
    6. 9.6 Appendix
    7. Further Reading
  15. Chapter 10 Lenses
    1. 10.1 Introduction
    2. 10.2 Types of Lenses
      1. 10.2.1 Converging and Diverging Lenses
      2. 10.2.2 GRIN Lenses
      3. 10.2.3 Ball Lenses
      4. 10.2.4 Fresnel Lenses
      5. 10.2.5 Liquid Lenses
    3. 10.3 Graphical Method to Locate an Image Formed by Converging and Diverging Lenses
    4. 10.4 Image Formation by Converging Lenses
    5. 10.5 The Lens Equation
    6. 10.6 Magnification of a Thin Lens
    7. 10.7 The Lensmaker’s Equation
    8. 10.8 Combination of Thin Lenses
    9. 10.9 Lens Aberrations
      1. 10.9.1 Spherical Aberration
      2. 10.9.2 Chromatic Aberration
      3. 10.9.3 Astigmatism
    10. 10.10 Lens Polishing Technology
    11. 10.11 Experimental Work
      1. 10.11.1 Technique and Apparatus
      2. 10.11.2 Procedure
      3. 10.11.3 Safety Procedure
      4. 10.11.4 Apparatus Set-Up
        1. 10.11.4.1 Image Formed by a Lens
        2. 10.11.4.2 Image Formed by a Combination of Two Lenses
      5. 10.11.5 Data Collection
        1. 10.11.5.1 Image Formed by a Lens
        2. 10.11.5.2 Image Formed by a Combination of Two Lenses
      6. 10.11.6 Calculations and Analysis
        1. 10.11.6.1 Image Formed by a Lens
        2. 10.11.6.2 Image Formed by a Combination of Two Lenses
      7. 10.11.7 Results and Discussions
        1. 10.11.7.1 Image Formed by a Lens
        2. 10.11.7.2 Image Formed by a Combination of Two Lenses
      8. 10.11.8 Conclusion
      9. 10.11.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    12. 10.12 List of References
    13. 10.13 Appendices
    14. Further Reading
  16. Chapter 11 Prisms
    1. 11.1 Introduction
    2. 11.2 Prisms
    3. 11.3 Prism Types
      1. 11.3.1 Right Angle Prisms
      2. 11.3.2 Equilateral Prisms
      3. 11.3.3 Dove Prisms
      4. 11.3.4 Roof Prisms
      5. 11.3.5 Penta Prisms
      6. 11.3.6 Double Porro Prisms
      7. 11.3.7 Leman–Springer Prisms
      8. 11.3.8 Wedge Prisms
      9. 11.3.9 Prisms with Special Applications
      10. 11.3.10 Other Types of Prisms
    4. 11.4 Prisms in Different Combinations
    5. 11.5 Light Beam Passing through a Prism
    6. 11.6 Factors Governing Dispersion of Light by a Prism
    7. 11.7 Dispersion of White Light by a Prism
    8. 11.8 Mixing Spectrum Colours Using a Glass Rod and Tube
    9. 11.9 Experimental Work
      1. 11.9.1 Technique and Apparatus
      2. 11.9.2 Procedure
      3. 11.9.3 Safety Procedure
      4. 11.9.4 Apparatus Set-Up
      5. 11.9.5 Data Collection
        1. 11.9.5.1 Laser Beam Passing through a Right Angle Prism
        2. 11.9.5.2 Laser Beam Passing through a Dove Prism
        3. 11.9.5.3 Laser Beam Passing through a Porro Prism
        4. 11.9.5.4 Laser Beam Passing through a Prism
        5. 11.9.5.5 Laser Beam Passing through Prism Combination
        6. 11.9.5.6 Laser Beam Passing through a Prism to Calculate the Index of Refraction
        7. 11.9.5.7 Dispersion of White Light by a Prism
        8. 11.9.5.8 Mixing the Spectrum Colours Using a Glass Rod and Tube
      6. 11.9.6 Calculations and Analysis
        1. 11.9.6.1 Laser Beam Passing through a Right Angle Prism
        2. 11.9.6.2 Laser Beam Passing through a Dove Prism
        3. 11.9.6.3 Laser Beam Passing through a Porro Prism
        4. 11.9.6.4 Laser Beam Passing through a Prism
        5. 11.9.6.5 Laser Beam Passing through Prism Combination
        6. 11.9.6.6 Laser Beam Passing through a Prism to Calculate the Index of Refraction
        7. 11.9.6.7 Dispersion of White Light by a Prism
        8. 11.9.6.8 Mixing the Spectrum Colours Using a Glass Rod and Tube
      7. 11.9.7 Results and Discussions
        1. 11.9.7.1 Laser Beam Passing through a Right Angle Prism
        2. 11.9.7.2 Laser Beam Passing through a Dove Prism
        3. 11.9.7.3 Laser Beam Passing through a Porro Prism
        4. 11.9.7.4 Laser Beam Passing through a Prism
        5. 11.9.7.5 Laser Beam Passing through Prism Combination
        6. 11.9.7.6 Laser Beam Passing through a Prism to Calculate the Index of Refraction
        7. 11.9.7.7 Dispersion of White Light by a Prism
        8. 11.9.7.8 Mixing the Spectrum Colours Using a Glass Rod and Tube
      8. 11.9.8 Conclusion
      9. 11.9.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    10. 11.10 List of References
    11. 11.11 Appendices
    12. Further Reading
  17. Chapter 12 Beamsplitters
    1. 12.1 Introduction
    2. 12.2 Beamsplitters
    3. 12.3 Beamsplitter Types
      1. 12.3.1 Standard Cube Beamsplitters
      2. 12.3.2 Polarizing Cube Beamsplitters
      3. 12.3.3 Rectangular Polarizing Beamsplitters
      4. 12.3.4 Lateral Displacement Polarizing Beamsplitters
      5. 12.3.5 Glan Thompson Polarizing Beamsplitters
      6. 12.3.6 Polka-Dot Beamsplitters
      7. 12.3.7 Elliptical Plate Beamsplitters
      8. 12.3.8 Mirror-Type Beamsplitters
      9. 12.3.9 Pellicle Beamsplitters
      10. 12.3.10 Visible and Near Infrared Region Plate Beamsplitters
      11. 12.3.11 Quartz Beamsplitters
      12. 12.3.12 Dichroic Plate Beamsplliters
      13. 12.3.13 Other Types of Beamsplitters
    4. 12.4 Experimental Work
      1. 12.4.1 Technique and Apparatus
      2. 12.4.2 Procedure
      3. 12.4.3 Safety Procedure
      4. 12.4.4 Apparatus Set-Up
        1. 12.4.4.1 Cube Beamsplitter
        2. 12.4.4.2 Rectangular Beamsplitter
        3. 12.4.4.3 Glan Thompson Polarizing Beamsplitter
      5. 12.4.5 Data Collection
        1. 12.4.5.1 Cube Beamsplitter
        2. 12.4.5.2 Rectangular Beamsplitter
        3. 12.4.5.3 Glan Thompson Polarizing Beamsplitter
      6. 12.4.6 Calculations and Analysis
        1. 12.4.6.1 Cube Beamsplitter
        2. 12.4.6.2 Rectangular Beamsplitter
        3. 12.4.6.3 Glan Thompson Polarizing Beamsplitter
      7. 12.4.7 Results and Discussions
        1. 12.4.7.1 Cube Beamsplitter
        2. 12.4.7.2 Rectangular Beamsplitter
        3. 12.4.7.3 Glan Thompson Polarizing Beamsplitter
      8. 12.4.8 Conclusion
      9. 12.4.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    5. 12.5 List of References
    6. 12.6 Appendices
    7. Further Reading
  18. Chapter 13 Light Passing through Optical Components
    1. 13.1 Introduction
    2. 13.2 Experimental Work
      1. 13.2.1 Light Passing through Optical Components from the Laser Optics Kit
      2. 13.2.2 Laser Light Passing through Optical Components from the Ray Optics Laser Set
      3. 13.2.3 Light Passing through a Glass Rod and Tube
      4. 13.2.4 Light Passing through a Spiral Bar
      5. 13.2.5 Light Passing through a Fibre-Optic Cable Bundle
      6. 13.2.6 Technique and Apparatus
      7. 13.2.7 Procedure
      8. 13.2.8 Safety Procedure
      9. 13.2.9 Apparatus Set-Up
        1. 13.2.9.1 Light Passing through Optical Components from the Laser Optics Kit
        2. 13.2.9.2 Laser Light Passing through Optical Components from the Ray Optics Laser Set
        3. 13.2.9.3 Light Passing through a Glass Rod and Tube
        4. 13.2.9.4 Light Passing through a Spiral Bar
        5. 13.2.9.5 Light Passing through a Fibre-Optic Cable Bundle
      10. 13.2.10 Data Collection
        1. 13.2.10.1 Light Passing through Optical Components from the Laser Optics Kit
        2. 13.2.10.2 Laser Light Passing through Optical Components from the Ray Optics Laser Set
        3. 13.2.10.3 Light Passing through a Glass Rod and Tube
        4. 13.2.10.4 Light Passing through a Spiral Bar
        5. 13.2.10.5 Light Passing through a Fibre-Optic Cable Bundle
      11. 13.2.11 Calculations and Analysis
        1. 13.2.11.1 Light Passing through Optical Components from the Laser Optics Kit
        2. 13.2.11.2 Laser Light Passing through Optical Components from the Ray Optics Laser Set
        3. 13.2.11.3 Light Passing through a Glass Rod and Tube
        4. 13.2.11.4 Light Passing through a Spiral Bar
        5. 13.2.11.5 Light Passing through a Fibre-Optic Cable Bundle
      12. 13.2.12 Results and Discussions
        1. 13.2.12.1 Light Passing through Optical Components from the Laser Optics Kit
        2. 13.2.12.2 Laser Light Passing through Optical Components from the Ray Optics Laser Set
        3. 13.2.12.3 Light Passing through a Glass Rod and Tube
        4. 13.2.12.4 Light Passing through a Spiral Bar
        5. 13.2.12.5 Light Passing through a Fibre-Optic Cable Bundle
      13. 13.2.13 Conclusion
      14. 13.2.14 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    3. 13.3 List of References
    4. 13.4 Appendix
    5. Further Reading
  19. Chapter 14 Optical Instruments for Viewing Applications
    1. 14.1 Introduction
    2. 14.2 Optical Instruments
    3. 14.3 The Camera
    4. 14.4 The Eye
      1. 14.4.1 Defects of Vision
      2. 14.4.2 Colour Vision
    5. 14.5 The Magnifying Glass
    6. 14.6 The Compound Microscope
    7. 14.7 Advanced Microscopes
    8. 14.8 The Telescope
      1. 14.8.1 The Refracting Telescope
      2. 14.8.2 Terrestrial Telescopes
      3. 14.8.3 The Reflecting Telescope
      4. 14.8.4 Famous Telescopes
      5. 14.8.5 Research Telescopes
    9. 14.9 The Binoculars
    10. 14.10 The Slide Projector
    11. 14.11 The Overhead Projector
    12. 14.12 The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Projector
    13. 14.13 The Light Box
    14. 14.14 Experimental Work
      1. 14.14.1 Technique and Apparatus
      2. 14.14.2 Procedure
      3. 14.14.3 Safety Procedure
      4. 14.14.4 Apparatus Set-Up
        1. 14.14.4.1 A Slide Projector: Operate, Observe Image Formation, Disassemble to Examine the Functionality of the Optical Components, and Reassemble
      5. 14.14.5 Data Collection
      6. 14.14.6 Calculations and Analysis
      7. 14.14.7 Results and Discussions
        1. 14.14.7.1 A Slide Projector: Operate, Observe Image Formation, Disassemble to Examine the Functionality of the Optical Components, and Reassemble
      8. 14.14.8 Conclusion
      9. 14.14.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    15. 14.15 List of References
    16. 14.16 Appendices
    17. Further Reading
  20. Chapter 15 Polarization of Light
    1. 15.1 Introduction
    2. 15.2 Polarization of Light
    3. 15.3 Forms of Polarization of Light
    4. 15.4 Occurrence of Polarization
      1. 15.4.1 Polarization by Reflection
      2. 15.4.2 Polarization by Double Refraction
      3. 15.4.3 Polarization by Scattering
      4. 15.4.4 Polarization by Selective Absorption
    5. 15.5 Polarizing Materials
    6. 15.6 Polarizing Optical Components
    7. 15.7 The Law of Malus
    8. 15.8 Optical Activity
    9. 15.9 Photoelasticity
    10. 15.10 Liquid Crystal Display
    11. 15.11 Polarization Maintaining Fibres
    12. 15.12 Polarization Loss
    13. 15.13 Experimental Work
      1. 15.13.1 Technique and Apparatus
      2. 15.13.2 Procedure
      3. 15.13.3 Safety Procedure
      4. 15.13.4 Apparatus Set-Up
        1. 15.13.4.1 Light Passing through a Polarizing Cube Beamsplitter
        2. 15.13.4.2 Glan Thompson Polarizing Beamsplitter
        3. 15.13.4.3 Light Passing through a Calcite Material
        4. 15.13.4.4 The Law of Malus
      5. 15.13.5 Data Collection
        1. 15.13.5.1 Light Passing through a Polarizing Cube Beamsplitter
        2. 15.13.5.2 Glan Thompson Polarizing Beamsplitter
        3. 15.13.5.3 Light Passing through a Calcite Material
        4. 15.13.5.4 The Law of Malus
      6. 15.13.6 Calculations and Analysis
        1. 15.13.6.1 Light Passing through a Polarizing Cube Beamsplitter
        2. 15.13.6.2 Glan Thompson Polarizing Beamsplitter Cube
        3. 15.13.6.3 Light Passing through a Calcite Material
        4. 15.13.6.4 The Law of Malus
      7. 15.13.7 Results and Discussions
        1. 15.13.7.1 Light Passing through a Polarizing Cube Beamsplitter
        2. 15.13.7.2 Glan Thompson Polarizing Beamsplitter
        3. 15.13.7.3 Light Passing through a Calcite Material
        4. 15.13.7.4 The Law of Malus
      8. 15.13.8 Conclusion
      9. 15.13.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    14. 15.14 List of References
    15. 15.15 Appendices
    16. Further Reading
  21. Chapter 16 Optical Materials
    1. 16.1 Introduction
    2. 16.2 Classes of Materials
      1. 16.2.1 Glass
      2. 16.2.2 Dopants
      3. 16.2.3 Co-Dopants
      4. 16.2.4 Polymers in Photonics
    3. 16.3 Applications
      1. 16.3.1 Reflectors
      2. 16.3.2 Lenses
      3. 16.3.3 Fibre Optics
      4. 16.3.4 Mechanical Components
    4. 16.4 Experimental Work
      1. 16.4.1 Technique and Apparatus
      2. 16.4.2 Procedure
      3. 16.4.3 Safety Procedure
      4. 16.4.4 Apparatus Set-Up
        1. 16.4.4.1 Set Up of Interferometer
      5. 16.4.5 Data Collection
      6. 16.4.6 Calculations and Analysis
      7. 16.4.7 Results and Discussions
      8. 16.4.8 Conclusion
      9. 16.4.9 Suggestions for Future Lab Work
    5. 16.5 List of References
    6. 16.6 Appendix
    7. Further Reading
  22. Chapter 17 Photonics Laboratory Safety
    1. 17.1 Introduction
    2. 17.2 Electrical Safety
      1. 17.2.1 Fuses/Circuit Breakers
      2. 17.2.2 Switches ON/OFF
      3. 17.2.3 Plugs
      4. 17.2.4 Wall Outlets
      5. 17.2.5 Cords
      6. 17.2.6 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
    3. 17.3 Light Sources
    4. 17.4 Devices and Equipment
    5. 17.5 Audio–Visual and Computer Peripherals
    6. 17.6 Handling of Fibre Optic Cables
    7. 17.7 Epoxy Adhesives and Sealants
    8. 17.8 Cleaning Optical Components
    9. 17.9 Optic/Optical Fibre Devices and Systems
    10. 17.10 Cleaning Chemicals
    11. 17.11 Warning Labels
    12. 17.12 Laser Safety
    13. 17.13 Laser Safety Tips
    14. 17.14 Indoor Air Quality
    15. 17.15 Other Considerations
    16. Further Reading
  23. Appendix A: Details of the Devices, Components, Tools, and Parts
  24. Appendix B: International System of Units (SI)
  25. Appendix C: Lighting Lamps
  26. Glossary
  27. Index

Product information

  • Title: Light and Optics
  • Author(s): Abdul Al-Azzawi
  • Release date: October 2018
  • Publisher(s): CRC Press
  • ISBN: 9781351838146