Legal Competence in Environmental Health

Legal Competence in Environmental Health

by Terence Moran
Released November 1997
Publisher(s): Routledge
ISBN: 9781135810269

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Book description

Legal Competence in Environmental Health assists the environmental health professional in understanding the operation of English law and navigating through some of its complexities. It covers those aspects of the work for the environmental

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Full Title
  4. Copyright
  5. Contents
  6. Preface
  7. 1 Sources of Law
    1. 1.1 Legislation
      1. 1.1.1 Acts of Parliament
      2. 1.1.2 The Legislative Procedure
        1. 1.1.2.1 Second Reading
        2. 1.1.2.2 Committee Stage
        3. 1.1.2.3 Report Stage
        4. 1.1.2.4 Third Reading
    2. 1.2 Contents of an Act of Parliament
      1. 1.2.1 Layout of an Act
        1. 1.2.1.1 Parts of an Act
        2. 1.2.1.2 Side Notes
        3. 1.2.1.3 Definitions Section
        4. 1.2.1.4 Commencement
      2. 1.2.2 Citation of Acts of Parliament
    3. 1.3 Delegated Legislation
      1. 1.3.1 Types of Delegated Legislation
        1. 1.3.1.1 Statutory Instruments
        2. 1.3.1.2 Orders in Council
        3. 1.3.1.3 Bye-laws
        4. 1.3.1.4 Rules of the Supreme Court
      2. 1.3.2 Layout of a Statutory Instrument
      3. 1.3.3 Citation of Delegated Legislation
    4. 1.4 Finding Legislation
      1. 1.4.1 Current Law Legislation Citator
      2. 1.4.2 Halsbury's Statutes
    5. 1.5. Aids to Statutory Interpretation
      1. 1.5.1 The Literal Rule
      2. 1.5.2 The Golden Rule
      3. 1.5.3 The Mischief Rule or the Rule in Heydon's Case
      4. 1.5.4 The Ejusdem Generis Rule
      5. 1.5.5 Noscitur a Sociis
      6. 1.5.6 The Exclusionary Rule
      7. 1.5.7 Other Aids
      8. 1.5.8 Interpretation Acts
    6. 1.6 Judicial Precedent
      1. 1.6.1 Law Reports
      2. 1.6.2 Citation of Law Reports
    7. 1.7 The Layout of a Law Report
    8. 1.8 Finding a Law Report
      1. 1.8.1 When the Names are Known
      2. 1.8.2 When a Subject is Being Researched
    9. 1.9 The Hierarchy of the Courts
      1. 1.9.1 The Civil Courts
        1. 1.9.1.1 The County Court
        2. 1.9.1.2 The High Court
        3. 1.9.1.3 Queens Bench Division
        4. 1.9.1.4 Family Division
        5. 1.9.1.5 Chancery Division
        6. 1.9.1.6 The Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
        7. 1.9.1.7 House of Lords
        8. 1.9.1.8 Civil Appeals
        9. 1.9.1.9 Criminal Appeals
      2. 1.9.2 The CriminalCourts
        1. 1.9.2.1 The Magistrates Court
        2. 1.9.2.2 The Crown Court
        3. 1.9.2.3 The Divisional Court
        4. 1.9.2.4 The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)
      3. 1.9.3 The Court of Justice of the European Communities
        1. 1.9.3.1 The Court of First Instance
        2. 1.9.3.2 The European Court of Justice and Precedent
    10. 1.10 The Application of Judicial Precedent
      1. 1.10.1 Binding Precedent
        1. 1.10.1.1 Ratio Decidendi
        2. 1.10.1.2 Obiter Dicta
      2. 1.10.2 The Doctrine of Precedent and the Courts
      3. 1.10.3 Hierarchy of Precedent
        1. 1.10.3.1 The European Court
        2. 1.10.3.2 The House of Lords
        3. 1.10.3.3 The Court of Appeal
        4. 1.10.3.4 The High Court
        5. 1.10.3.5 The Crown Court
        6. 1.10.3.6 The Inferior Courts
    11. 1.11 European Union Law
      1. 1.11.1 Community Treaties
      2. 1.11.2 Secondary Legislation
        1. 1.11.2.1 Regulations
        2. 1.11.2.2 Directives
        3. 1.11.2.3 Decisions
        4. 1.11.2.4 Recommendations and Opinions
      3. 1.11.3 Finding European Legislation
      4. 1.11.4 Interpretation of European Legislation
      5. 1.11.5 European Union Case Law
        1. 1.11.5.1 The Report for the Hearing
        2. 1.11.5.2 The Opinion of the Advocate General
        3. 1.11.5.3 The Judgement of the Court
      6. 1.11.6 The Citation of ECJ Case Law
    12. 1.12 Other Sources of Law
      1. 1.12.1 Circulars and Codes of Practice
  8. 2 Basic Criminal Law
    1. 2.1 An Outline of Criminal Liability
      1. 2.1.1 The Distinction between Criminal and Civil Proceedings
    2. 2.2 Proof
      1. 2.2.1 The Criminal Burden of Proof
      2. 2.2.2 The Civil Standard of Proof
      3. 2.2.3 Burden on an Accused in Criminal Matters
        1. 2.2.3.1 The Burden by Implication
        2. 2.2.3.2 The Burden Expressly Applied
    3. 2.3 Criminal Liability
      1. 2.3.1 Actus Reus: The External or Observable Elements
      2. 2.3.2 Proof of Actus Reus
      3. 2.3.3 Omissions
      4. 2.3.4 The Internal Elements: Mens Rea
      5. 2.3.5 Intent
      6. 2.3.6 Recklessness
      7. 2.3.7 Negligence
    4. 2.4 Offences of Strict Liability
    5. 2.5 Defences to Strict Liability Offences
  9. 3. Powers of Entry
    1. 3.1 Entry onto Land
    2. 3.2 Common Law and Statutory Entry
      1. 3.2.1 Authority of Law and Authorisation
        1. 3.2.1.1 Authorisation
        2. 3.2.1.2 Authorisation for the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
    3. 3.3 Features of the Power of Entry
      1. 3.3.1 Reasonable Grounds
      2. 3.3.2 Reasonable Times
      3. 3.3.3 Notice of Entry
    4. 3.4 Warrants
      1. 3.4.1 Content
      2. 3.4.2 Obtaining a Warrant
      3. 3.4.3 Execution and Expiry
    5. 3.5 Obstruction
      1. 3.5.1 Physical Element
      2. 3.5.2 Mental Element
      3. 3.5.3 Force
    6. 3.6 Trespass ab Initio
    7. 3.7 Individual Details of Powers of Entry
      1. 3.7.1 Animal Boarding Establishments Act 1963
      2. 3.7.2 Breeding of Dogs Act 1973
      3. 3.7.3 Breeding of Dogs Act 1991
      4. 3.7.4 Building Act 1984
        1. 3.7.4.1 Section 95(1)
      5. 3.7.5 Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960
      6. 3.7.6 Clean Air Act 1993
      7. 3.7.7 Control of Pollution Act 1974
      8. 3.7.8 Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976
      9. 3.7.9 Environment Act 1995
      10. 3.7.10 Food Safety Act 1990
      11. 3.7.11 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
      12. 3.7.12 Housing Act 1985
        1. 3.7.12.1 Section 54
        2. 3.7.12.2 Section 197
        3. 3.7.12.3 Section 260
        4. 3.7.12.4 Section 319
        5. 3.7.12.5 Section 340
        6. 3.7.12.6 Section 395
        7. 3.7.12.7 Section 600
      13. 3.7.13 Local Government(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982
      14. 3.7.14 Noise and Statutory Nuisance Act 1993
      15. 3.7.15 Pet Animals Act 1951
      16. 3.7.16 Preventionof Damage by Pests Act 1949
      17. 3.7.17 The Public Health Act 1936
      18. 3.7.18 Refuse Disposal (Amenity) Act 1978
      19. 3.7.19 Riding Establishments Act 1964
      20. 3.7.20 Slaughter of Poultry Act 1967
      21. 3.7.21 Slaughterhouses Act 1974
      22. 3.7.22 Zoo Licensing Act 1981
  10. 4 Investigation in the Criminal Law
    1. 4.1 Preparation
    2. 4.2 Notebooks
    3. 4.3 Memory Refreshing
    4. 4.4 Details to be Recorded
    5. 4.5 Inspection Sheets
    6. 4.6 Records Kept by the Public
    7. 4.7 Portable Tape Recorders
    8. 4.8 The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996
    9. 4.9 Points to Prove
  11. 5 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
    1. 5.1 History
    2. 5.2 Application
    3. 5.3 Codes of Practice
    4. 5.4 Code B
      1. 5.4.1 Notice of Powers and Rights
      2. 5.4.2 Record of Search
    5. 5.5 Code C
      1. 5.5.1 Cautions
      2. 5.5.2 The Newest Caution
      3. 5.5.3 Documentation
      4. 5.5.4 Interviews
    6. 5.6 Principles of Investigative Interviewing
      1. 5.6.1 Interview Records
      2. 5.6.2 Conduct of Interviews
      3. 5.6.3 Interpreters
    7. 5.7 Code E
      1. 5.7.1 Tape Recording of Interviews
      2. 5.7.2 The Interview
      3. 5.7.3 Sealing the Tape
      4. 5.7.4 Preparation of Records of Interview
      5. 5.7.5 After the Interview
      6. 5.7.6 Complex Cases
      7. 5.7.7 Straightforward Cases
  12. 6 Statements
    1. 6.1 What is a Statement?
    2. 6.2 Witness Statements
    3. 6.3 Format of a Statement
    4. 6.4 Editing of Statements
      1. 6.4.1 Composite Statements
      2. 6.4.2 Editing Single Statements
    5. 6.5 Exhibits
    6. 6.6 Other Statements
    7. 6.7 Photographs
      1. 6.7.1 The Prejudicial Background
  13. 7 Enforcement Policy
    1. 7.1 Enforcement Styles
    2. 7.2 The Criminality of the Environmental Health Offence
      1. 7.2.1 Crimes and Quasi Crimes
    3. 7.3 Enforcement Policies
    4. 7.4 Discretion
    5. 7.5 Codes of Guidance
    6. 7.6 The Crown Prosecution Service
      1. 7.6.1 Evidential Sufficiency
      2. 7.6.2 The Public Interest Criteria
      3. 7.6.3 The Decision not to Prosecute
        1. 7.6.3.1 The Likely Penalty
        2. 7.6.3.2 The Offence Was Committed as a Result of a Genuine Mistake
        3. 7.6.3.3 If the Loss or Harm Caused Can be Described as Minor and Was the Result of a Single Incident
        4. 7.6.3.4 Staleness
        5. 7.6.3.5 The Effect on the Victim's Health
        6. 7.6.3.6 Old Age and Infirmity
        7. 7.6.3.7 The Defendant Has Put Right any Loss or Harm
    7. 7.7 Assessment of Formal Action
    8. 7.8 The Cautioning of Offenders
    9. 7.9 The Decision to Caution
    10. 7.10 Public Interest Principles
    11. 7.11 Cautioning Officers
    12. 7.12 Power to Charge for Enforcement Action
    13. 7.13 Benefits of Enforcement Policy
  14. 8 Statutory Notices
    1. 8.1 Regulatory Options
    2. 8.2 Pre-Formal Enforcement Action Procedures
    3. 8.3 Who May Receive a Notice
      1. 8.3.1 Public Health Act 1936 and Building Act 1984
      2. 8.3.2 Housing Act 1985
      3. 8.3.3 Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996
        1. 8.3.3.1 The Deferred Action Notice
      4. 8.3.4 Environmental Protection Act 1990
      5. 8.3.5 Food Safety Act 1990
      6. 8.3.6 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
    4. 8.4 Service on Persons other than Individuals
    5. 8.5 Notices and Copies
    6. 8.6 Identifying the Recipient
    7. 8.7 Her Majesty's Land Registry
      1. 8.7.1 The Form of the Register
        1. 8.7.1.1 The Property Register
        2. 8.7.1.2 The Proprietorship Register
        3. 8.7.1.3 The Charges Register
        4. 8.7.1.4 Land and Charge Certificates
    8. 8.8 Companies
    9. 8.9 Service where the Recipient Cannot be Found
    10. 8.10 Format of a Notice
      1. 8.10.1 English
      2. 8.10.2 Compliance with Relevant Statute
    11. 8.11 The Appropriate Use of All Investigative Options
    12. 8.12 Conflicts on the Face of the Notice
    13. 8.13 Use of Schedules
    14. 8.14 Time Period
    15. 8.15 Adequate Authority
    16. 8.16 Service of Notices
    17. 8.17 Key Points in the Drafting of Notices
  15. 9 Pathway of a case to court
    1. 9.1 File Preparation
    2. 9.2 Information and Summons
      1. 9.2.1 The Prosecution Option
      2. 9.2.2 Laying Information
    3. 9.3 Time Period for Proceedings
    4. 9.4 Duplicity
    5. 9.5 Summons
    6. 9.6 Complaint
  16. 10 Court Proceedings
    1. 10.1 Conducting Proceedings
    2. 10.2 Criminal Procedure
      1. 10.2.1 Summary Offences
      2. 10.2.2 Indictable Offences
      3. 10.2.3 Offences Triable Either Way
    3. 10.3 Summary Trial
      1. 10.3.1 Magistrates Courts
        1. 10.3.1.1 Magistrates
      2. 10.3.2 Offences
    4. 10.4 Before the Hearing
    5. 10.5 The Hearing
      1. 10.5.1 Preliminaries
      2. 10.5.2 Identification
      3. 10.5.3 The Plea-Guilty
      4. 10.5.4 The Plea-Not Guilty
        1. 10.5.4.1 Pre-Trial Review
    6. 10.6 The Trial
      1. 10.6.1 Witnesses
      2. 10.6.2 Opening Remarks
      3. 10.6.3 Examination in Chief
      4. 10.6.4 Cross-Examination
      5. 10.6.5 Re-examination
      6. 10.6.6 No Case to Answer
      7. 10.6.7 Defence
      8. 10.6.8 Closing Speech
    7. 10.7 Giving Evidence
      1. 10.7.1 Preparation
      2. 10.7.2 Before the Hearing
      3. 10.7.3 When in the Box
        1. 10.7.3.1 Swearing
        2. 10.7.3.2 Giving Evidence
    8. 10.8 The Plea - The Unacceptable Guilty Plea
      1. 10.8.1 The Newton Hearing
    9. 10.9 Decision and Sentence
      1. 10.9.1 The Decision
      2. 10.9.2 Mitigation
    10. 10.10 Trial on Indictment
      1. 10.10.1 Jury Selection
    11. 10.11 Penalties of the Court
      1. 10.11.1 Imprisonment
      2. 10.11.2 Fines
      3. 10.11.3 Discount for a Guilty Plea
    12. 10.12 Costs
    13. 10.13 Disqualification of Directors
    14. 10.14 Compensation Orders
    15. 10.15 Tribunals
      1. 10.15.1 History
    16. 10.16 Industrial Tribunals
      1. 10.16.1 Composition
      2. 10.16.2 The Industrial Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) Regulations 1993
      3. 10.16.3 Appeals
      4. 10.16.4 Procedure
      5. 10.16.5 Procedure at the Hearing
      6. 10.16.6 Costs
  17. Appendix A Table of Cases
  18. Appendix B Table of Statutes
  19. Appendix C Table of Statutory Instruments
  20. Index

Product information

  • Title: Legal Competence in Environmental Health
  • Author(s): Terence Moran
  • Release date: November 1997
  • Publisher(s): Routledge
  • ISBN: 9781135810269