All organizations receive inputs, transform the inputs into goods and/or services, and create results. In for-profit organizations, the clear objective for “system” managers is to make sure that the results are appropriate and relevant or effective (though not necessarily in this order) so as to make the difference between the value of the results and the value of the inputs (e.g., profit) as large as possible. Productivity is the ratio of the value of the results to the value of the inputs, multiplied by 100. Productivity improvement is a key goal for individual business and industry organizations, as well as for the national economy as a whole. Thus, improving productivity is an integral part of the culture of business ...
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