NOTES

Chapter 1

1. Value has multiple meanings in management thinking. Economists have argued that value refers to the economic success of a firm, and it is often spoken of in terms of shareholder value; see Alfred Rappaport, Creating Shareholder Value (New York: The Free Press, 1986). Value has also come to refer to customer value, that is, the value that customers perceive in their interactions with a firm; see Richard G. Whiteley, The Customer-Driven Company (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993). Personal values and the ideals of individuals can be shaped into organizational values; see Robert E. Quinn and J. Rohrbaugh, “A Competing Values Approach to Organizational Effectiveness,” Public Productivity Review (June 1981): 122−140. Some have ...

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