Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensors for fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM)
R.K. Henderson, University of Edinburgh, UK
B.R. Rae, ST Microelectronics, UK
D.-U. Li, University of Strathclyde, UK
Abstract:
This chapter begins by reviewing the theory, techniques and applications of fluorescence lifetime sensing. It then looks at existing instrumentation and the ways in which complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology has sought to complement these technologies by providing low cost, robust and miniaturised sensors with increased throughput and dynamic range. A number of pixels and sensor architectures are compared with a view to future fully-integrated, lifetime imaging systems based on CMOS sensors.
Key ...
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