Telecommunication and medical applications have become two main driving forces for emerging semiconductor technologies. Computational power slowly shifting into the cloud servers has made communication speed a limitation in personal computing. Hence, demand for speed from backhaul serial optical wireline networks has experienced a surge. The existing optical networks with 10 Gb/s per lane link rates has been targeted to boost the system with a 40 Gb/s and even 100 Gb/s per lane data rate over the existing fiber optics infrastructure. This, however, has pushed the burden to the interface integrated circuits, demanding more speed with less noise margins. The spread of many WiFi and cellular small cell standards on the wireless side has ...
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