Head First Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

Table of contents

1. Dedication
2. A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
3. Praise for Head First OOA&D
4. Praise for other Head First books by the authors
5. Praise for other Head First Books
6. How to use this Book: Intro
   1. Who is this book for?
   2. Who should probably back away from this book?
   3. We know what you’re thinking
   4. And we know what your brain is thinking
   5. Metacognition: thinking about thinking
   6. Here’s what WE did
   7. Here’s what YOU can do to bend your brain into submission
   8. Read Me
   9. The Technical Team
   10. Acknowledgements
   11. Special thanks
7. 1. Well-Designed Apps Rock: Great Software Begins Here
   1. Rock and roll is forever!
   2. Rick’s shiny new application...
   3. Here what the code for Guitar.java looks like
   4. And Inventory.java...
   5. But then Rick started losing customers...
   6. What’s the FIRST thing you’d change?
   7. Great software is... more than just one thing
   8. Great software in 3 easy steps
   9. Remember Rick? Remember his lost customers?
   10. So let’s apply our 3 steps
   11. Ditching String comparisons
   12. Rick’s customers want choices!
   13. Test drive
   14. Back to our steps
   15. Looking for problems
   16. Analyze the search() method
   17. Now update your own code
   18. Update the Inventory class
   19. Getting ready for another test drive
   20. Getting back to Rick’s app...
   21. Design once, design twice
   22. Let’s make sure Inventory.java is (really) well-designed
   23. One last test drive (and an app ready for reuse)
   24. What we did
   25. Remember this poor guy?
   26. OOA&D is about writing great software, not doing a bunch of paperwork!
8. 2. Gathering Requirements: Give Them What They Want
   1. You’ve got a new programming gig
   2. Todd and Gina: your first customer
   3. Let’s start with the dog door
   4. Test drive
   5. But when Gina tried it...
   6. Listen to the customer
   7. Creating a requirements list
   8. What does the dog door really need to do?
   9. Plan for things going wrong
   10. Alternate paths handle system problems
   11. (Re) introducing use cases
   12. One use case, three parts
   13. Checking your requirements against your use cases
   14. Is anything missing?
   15. So now can we write some code?
   16. Automatically closing the door
   17. We need a new simulator!
   18. Test drive, version 2.0
   19. It works! Let’s go show Todd and Gina...
   20. Reviewing the alternate path
   21. Test drive, version 2.1
   22. Delivering the new dog door
   23. Working app, happy customers
9. 3. Requirements Change: I Love You, You’re Perfect... Now Change
   1. You’re a hero!
   2. But then came a phone call...
   3. Back to the drawing board
   4. The one constant in software analysis and design
   5. Optional Path? Alternate Path? Who can tell?
   6. Use cases have to make sense to you
   7. Start to finish: a single scenario
   8. Let’s get ready to code...
   9. Finishing up the requirements list
   10. Now we can start coding the dog door again
   11. Was that a “woof” I heard?
   12. Power up the new dog door
   13. Updating the dog door
   14. Simplifying the remote control
   15. A final test drive
   16. More Tools for your OOA&D Toolbox
10. 4. Analysis: Taking Your Software into the Real World
    1. One dog, two dog, three dog, four...
    2. Your software has a context
    3. Identify the problem
    4. Plan a solution
    5. Update your use case
    6. A tale of two coders
       1. Randy: simple is best, right?
       2. Sam: object lover extraordinaire
       3. Sam: updating the DogDoor class
    7. Comparing barks
       1. Randy: I’ll just compare two strings
       2. Sam: I’ll delegate bark comparison
    8. Delegation in Sam’s dog door: an in-depth look
    9. The power of loosely coupled applications
    10. Back to Sam, Randy, and the contest...
        1. Randy AND Sam: It works!
    11. Maria won the MacBook Pro!
    12. So what did Maria do differently?
    13. Pay attention to the nouns in your use case
    14. It’s all about the use case
    15. There is no Bark class here!
    16. One of these things is not like the other...
        1. Focus: owner’s dog
        2. Focus: owner’s dog’s bark
    17. Remember: pay attention to those nouns!
    18. From good analysis to good classes...
    19. Class diagrams dissected
    20. Class diagrams aren’t everything
    21. So how does recognize() work now?
11. 5. (Part 1) Good Design = Flexible Software: Nothing Ever Stays the Same
    1. Rick’s Guitars Stringed Instruments is expanding
    2. Let’s put our design to the test
    3. Did you notice that abstract base class?
    4. We’ll need a MandolinSpec class, too
    5. Behold: Rick’s new application
    6. Class diagrams dissected (again)
    7. Let’s code Rick’s new search tool
    8. Create an abstract class for instrument specifications
    9. Let’s code GuitarSpec...
    10. ... and MandolinSpec, too
    11. Finishing up Rick’s search tool
    12. Uh oh... adding new instruments is not easy!
    13. So what are we supposed to do now?
    14. OO CATASTROPHE: Objectville’s Favorite Quiz Show
    15. “What is an INTERFACE?”
    16. “What is ENCAPSULATION?”
    17. “What is CHANGE?”
    18. (part 2) good design = flexible software: Give Your Software a 30-minute Workout
    19. Back to Rick’s search tool
    20. A closer look at the search() method
    21. The benefits of our analysis
    22. A closer look at the instrument classes
    23. But classes are really about behavior!
    24. Death of a design (decision)
    25. Let’s turn some bad design decisions into good ones
    26. One more cubicle conversation (and some help from Jill)
    27. “Double encapsulation” in Rick’s software
    28. Getting dynamic with instrument properties
    29. What we did: a closer look
    30. Using the new Instrument and InstrumentSpec classes
    31. Finishing up Rick’s app: the InstrumentType enum
    32. Let’s update Inventory, too
    33. Behold: Rick’s flexible application
    34. But does the application actually work?
    35. Test driving Rick’s well-designed software
    36. Rick’s got working software, his client has three choices
    37. Sweet! Our software is easy to change... but what about that “cohesive” thing?
    38. Cohesion, and one reason for a class to change
    39. Rick’s software, in review
    40. Knowing when to say “It’s good enough!”
12. 6. Solving Really Big Problems: “My Name is Art Vandelay... I am an Architect”
    1. It’s all in how you look at the big problem
    2. The things you already know...
    3. So let’s solve a BIG problem!
    4. We need a lot more information
    5. What is the system like?
    6. What is the system not like?
    7. Customer Conversation
    8. Figure out the features
    9. But what is a feature, anyway?
    10. Use case diagrams
        1. But there’s one feature still left... what up with that?
    11. The Little Actor
        1. A small Socratic exercise in the style of The Little Lisper
    12. Actors are people, too (well, not always)
    13. Use case diagram... check! Features covered... check!
    14. So what exactly have we done?
    15. Cubicle Conversation
    16. Let’s do a little domain analysis!
    17. What most people give the customer...
    18. What we’re giving the customer...
    19. Now divide and conquer
    20. Don’t forget who your customer really is
    21. What’s a design pattern? And how do I use one?
    22. Feeling a little bit lost?
    23. The power of OOA&D (and a little common sense)
13. 7. Architecture: Bringing Order to Chaos
    1. Feeling a little overwhelmed?
    2. We need an architecture
    3. Architecture takes a big chaotic mess...
    4. ... and helps us turn it into a well-ordered application
    5. Let’s start with functionality
    6. But which of these are the most important?
    7. The three Qs of architecture
    8. 1. Is it part of the essence of the system?
    9. 2. What the fuck does it mean?
    10. 3. How the “heck” do I do it?
    11. We’ve got a lot less chaos now...
    12. ... but there’s still plenty left to do
    13. Cubicle Argument Conversation
    14. The Tile and Unit classes
        1. Keep the right focus
    15. More order, less chaos
        1. We’ve got structure now, too...
    16. Which feature should we work on next?
    17. Game-specific units... what does that mean?
    18. Commonality revisited
    19. Solution #1: It’s all different!
    20. Solution #2: It’s all the same!
    21. Commonality analysis: the path to flexible software
    22. And still more order...
    23. What does it mean? Ask the customer
    24. Do you know what “coordinating movement” means?
    25. Now do some commonality analysis
    26. So now what would you do?
    27. Is there anything common here?
    28. It’s “different for every game”
    29. Reducing risk helps you write great software
14. 8. Design Principles: Originality is Overrated
    1. Design principle roundup
    2. Principle #1: The Open-Closed Principle (OCP)
       1. Closed for modication...
       2. ... but open for extension
    3. Remember working on Rick’s Stringed Instruments?
    4. The OCP, step-by-step
    5. Principle #2: The Don’t Repeat Yourself Principle (DRY)
       1. A prime place to apply DRY...
       2. 1. Let’s abstract out the common code
       3. 2. Now remove the code from other locations...
       4. 3. ...and reference the code from Step #1
    6. DRY is really about ONE requirement in ONE place
    7. Principle #3: The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)
    8. Spotting multiple responsibilities
    9. Going from multiple responsibilities to a single responsibility
    10. Contestant #4: The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)
    11. Misusing subclassing: a case study in misusing inheritance
    12. LSP reveals hidden problems with your inheritance structure
    13. “Subtypes must be substitutable for their base types”
    14. Violating the LSP makes for confusing code
    15. Solving the 3DBoard problem without using inheritance
    16. Delegate functionality to another class
    17. When to use delegation
    18. Use composition to assemble behaviors from other classes
    19. When to use composition
    20. When the pizza is gone, so are the ingredients...
    21. Aggregation: composition, without the abrupt ending
        1. You’ve already used aggregation...
    22. Aggregation versus composition
    23. Inheritance is just one option
15. 9. Iterating and Testing: The Software is Still for the Customer
    1. Your toolbox is filling up
    2. But you’re still writing your software for the CUSTOMER!
    3. Iterating deeper: two basic choices
    4. Feature driven development
    5. Use case driven development
    6. Two approaches to development
       1. What’s the difference between feature driven and use case driven development?
    7. Let’s use feature driven development
    8. Analysis of a feature
       1. 3. The framework supports multiple types of troops or units that are game-specific
    9. Fleshing out the Unit class
    10. Showing off the Unit class
    11. Writing test scenarios
        1. Scenario #2: Changing property values
        2. Scenario #3: Getting non-existent property values
    12. Solution #1: Emphasizing Commonality
        1. Design decisions are always a tradeoff
    13. Solution #2: Emphasizing Encapsulation
        1. Tradeoffs with this decision, too...
    14. Let’s go with the commonality-focused solution
    15. Match your tests to your design
    16. Let’s write the Unit class
    17. Test cases dissected...
    18. Prove yourself to the customer
    19. We’ve been programming by contract so far
        1. This is the contract for Unit
    20. Programming by contract is really all about trust
    21. And we can always change the contract if we need to...
    22. But if you don’t trust your users...
    23. -or if they don’t trust you...
    24. Moving units
        1. Haven’t we been here before?
    25. Break your apps up into smaller chunks of functionality
        1. But you can still break things up further...
        2. Your decisions can iterate down, too
16. 10. The OOA&D Lifecycle: Putting It All Together
    1. Developing software, OOA&D style
    2. The problem
    3. Now you should really know what you’re supposed to do
    4. Use cases reflect usage, features reflect functionality
    5. Now start to iterate
    6. A closer look at representing a subway
       1. What is a station?
       2. And a connection between two stations?
       3. Then a line is just a series of connections...
    7. Let’s take a look at that subway file
    8. Let’s see if our use case works
    9. To use a Line class or not to use a Line class... that is the question
    10. Code the Station class
    11. Code the Subway class
    12. Points of interest on the Objectville Subway (class)
        1. What Java’s default equals() implementation does...
        2. What our equals() implementation does...
    13. Protecting your classes (and your client’s classes, too)
    14. The SubwayLoader class
    15. It’s time to iterate again
    16. But before we start Iteration 2...
    17. What’s left to do?
    18. Back to the requirements phase...
    19. Focus on code, then focus on customers. Then focus on code, then focus on customers...
    20. Iteration makes problems easier
    21. Implementation: Subway.java
    22. What does a route look like?
    23. One last test class...
    24. Check out Objectville for yourself!
    25. Iteration #3, anyone?
        1. Make loading more extensible
        2. Allow different output sources (and formats!)
    26. The journey’s not over...
    27. Now take OOA&D for a spin on your own projects!
17. A. Leftovers: The Top Ten Topics (we didn’t cover)
    1. #1. IS-A and HAS-A
       1. IS-A refers to inheritance
       2. HAS-A refers to composition or aggregation
    2. The problem with IS-A and HAS-A
    3. #2. Use case formats
    4. Focusing on interaction
    5. A more formal use case
    6. #3. Anti patterns
    7. #4. CRC cards
    8. CRC cards help implement the SRP
    9. #5. Metrics
    10. #6. Sequence diagrams
    11. #7. State diagrams
    12. #8. Unit testing
    13. What a test case looks like
        1. Test your code in context
    14. #9. Coding standards and readable code
    15. Great software is more than just working code
    16. #10. Refactoring
18. B. Welcome to Objectville: Speaking the Language of OO
    1. Welcome to Objectville
    2. UML and class diagrams
    3. Next up: inheritance
    4. And polymorphism, too...
    5. Last but not least: encapsulation
    6. Now anyone can set the speed directly
    7. So what’s the big deal?
19. Index
20. About the Authors
21. Copyright