CHAPTER 14MICROGRID OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT
A microgrid is a low-voltage distribution network consisting of different energy components such as wind, solar, storage system, diesel generators known as distributed energy resources (DERs), and controllable loads. With these components, a microgrid can either be connected to the grid or can be used in islanded mode (use DERs to supply the loads). Integrating DERs and controllable loads within the distribution network introduces unique challenges to microgrid management and control, which are implemented by an energy management system (EMS). Figure 14.1 shows the EMS structure for microgrid operation.
Figure 14.1 Performance structure of a microgrid EMS.
14.1 PERFOMANCE TOOLS OF A MICROGRID
(a) Forecasting
Forecasting is a process that uses past and present data for making predictions of future DERs, loads, and the market. Due to intermittency and variability of these factors, forecasting has become a challenging task for the power utilities. Therefore, accuracy of the forecast is crucial for the EMS to balance equality constraints, i.e., supply and demand in the microgrid. Various forecast methods are available in the literature:
- qualitative versus quantitative
- average approach
- drift
- time series
- causal/econometric
- judgmental
- artificial intelligence
(b) State Estimation
State estimation is a key function in building adequate ...
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