▶ 4.2 File Permission Flags
In earlier examples, we indicated file permissions and other access rights by abbreviations: “R” for read, “W” for write, and so on. If the system granted a particular right, we showed the appropriate letter and showed a hyphen (“-”) otherwise. These correspond to file permission flags that the system sets to “true” if the right is present and “false” otherwise.
The best-known modern implementation of file permission flags is in Unix. Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Telephone Laboratories originally developed Unix in the early 1970s. Since then, Unix technology has been the foundation of many systems, including the Solaris operating system, Apple’s MacOS, and the open source Gnu and Linux software. Unix-like ...
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