Book description
"This is really a practical, hands-on book for the working engineer."
—Phillip Wheeler, former Southern California Edison supervising electrical apparatus engineer and regional IEEE PES/IAS leader
A very helpful tool for solving circuit protection problems, Electrical Calculations and Guidelines for Generating Stations and Industrial Plants presents and simplifies the theory and 132 calculations that electrical engineers typically need to understand in order to support operations, maintenance, and betterment projects for generating stations and other large industrial facilities. The book begins with a cursory review or refresher of basic electrical theory. It then provides additional insights into electrical theory and sets the conventions that will be utilized throughout the remainder of the book.
Table of contents
- Cover
- Half Title
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- About the Author
-
1 The Basics
- 1.1 Three-Phase History
- 1.2 Three-Phase System Advantages
- 1.3 Theory
- 1.4 Magnetism
- 1.5 Voltage and Current
- 1.6 Resistance
- 1.7 Inductance
- 1.8 Capacitance
- 1.9 Circuits
- 1.10 Time Constants
- 1.11 Reactance
- 1.12 Series Impedance
- 1.13 Parallel Impedance
- 1.14 Transformers
- 1.15 Electrical Systems
- 1.16 Generating Station Electrical Configurations
- 1.17 Three-Phase Basics
- 1.18 Power Transformer Connections
- 1.19 Instrument Transformer Connections
- 1.20 Bibliography
-
2 Electrical Studies
- 2.1 Conversions
- 2.2 Transformer Tap Optimization
- 2.3 Conductor Parameters
- 2.4 Study Accuracy
- 2.5 Voltage Studies
- 2.6 Power Transfer Calculations
- 2.7 Two-Generator System
- 2.8 Ohmic Short Circuit Calculations
- 2.9 The Per-Unit System
-
2.10 Per-Unit Short Circuit Calculations
- 2.10.1 Transformer Short Circuits
- 2.10.2 Transformer Three-Phase and Phase-to-Phase Fault Procedures
- 2.10.3 Sequence Impedances
- 2.10.4 Transformer Ground Fault Procedure
- 2.10.5 Alternative Ground Fault Procedure
- 2.10.6 Generator Three-Phase Short Circuits
- 2.10.7 Generator De-Excitation
- 2.10.8 Motor Contribution
- 2.11 Bibliography
-
3 Auxiliary System Protection
- 3.1 Switchgear Overcurrent Coordination
- 3.2 Overcurrent Schematic
- 3.3 Current Transformer (CT) Safety Ground
- 3.4 Motor Overcurrent
- 3.5 Motor Control Center (MCC) Source Overcurrent
- 3.6 Bus Tie Overcurrent
- 3.7 Transformer Secondary Side Overcurrent
- 3.8 Transformer Primary Side Overcurrent
- 3.9 Residual Ground Protection
- 3.10 High Impedance Grounding
- 3.11 Transformer High-Speed Protection
- 3.12 Bus Transfer Schemes
- 3.13 Bibliography
-
4 Generator Protection
- 4.1 Generator Relay Data
- 4.2 High Voltage Switchyard Configurations
- 4.3 High Voltage Switchyard Protection Concerns
-
4.4 Generator Protective Functions
- 4.4.1 Backup Impedance (21)
- 4.4.2 Volts/Hz (24)
- 4.4.3 Sync Check (25)
- 4.4.4 Reverse Power (32)
- 4.4.5 Loss of Field (40)
- 4.4.6 Negative Phase Sequence (46)
- 4.4.7 Inadvertent Energization (50/27)
- 4.4.8 Breaker Failure (50BF)
- 4.4.9 Pole Flashover (50NF)
- 4.4.10 Overvoltage (59)
- 4.4.11 Loss of Potential (60)
- 4.4.12 Stator Ground (64)
- 4.4.13 Out of Step (78)
- 4.4.14 Overfrequency and Underfrequency (81)
- 4.4.15 Lockout Relay (86)
- 4.4.16 Generator Differential (87)
- 4.5 Bibliography
- 5 Electrical Apparatus Calculations
-
6 Electrical Operating Guidelines
-
6.1 Operation of Large Generators
- 6.1.1 Purpose
- 6.1.2 Startup Operation
- 6.1.3 Shutdown Operation
- 6.1.4 On-Line Operation
- 6.1.5 System Separation
- 6.1.6 Field Grounds
- 6.1.7 Voltage Regulators
- 6.1.8 Moisture Intrusion
- 6.1.9 Routine Operator Inspections
-
6.1.10 Generator Protection
- 6.1.10.1 Differential (87)
- 6.1.10.2 Stator Ground (64) or (59G)
- 6.1.10.3 Bus Ground Detectors (64B) or (59BG)
- 6.1.10.4 Loss of Excitation (40)
- 6.1.10.5 Overexcitation (24)
- 6.1.10.6 Reverse Power (32)
- 6.1.10.7 Negative Phase Sequence (46)
- 6.1.10.8 Backup Impedance (21) or Voltage Restraint Overcurrent (51V)
- 6.1.10.9 Out of Step (78)
- 6.1.10.10 Overfrequency and Underfrequency (81)
- 6.1.10.11 Sync Check (25)
- 6.1.10.12 Inadvertent Energization (50/27)
- 6.1.10.13 Pole Flashover (50NF)
- 6.1.10.14 Main and Auxiliary Transformer Differential (87)
- 6.1.10.15 Feeder Differential (87)
- 6.1.10.16 Overall Unit Differential (87)
- 6.1.10.17 Auxiliary and Main Transformer Sudden Pressure (63)
- 6.1.10.18 Zone 1 Impedance (21)
- 6.1.10.19 Breaker Failure (50BF)
- 6.1.10.20 Transformer Overcurrent (51)
- 6.1.10.21 DC Low Voltage (27DC)
- 6.1.10.22 DC High Voltage (59DC)
- 6.2 Operation of Large Power Transformers
- 6.3 Operation of Large Electric Motors
-
6.4 Operation of Auxiliary System Switchgear
- 6.4.1 Purpose
- 6.4.2 Operator Inspections
-
6.4.3 Protection
- 6.4.3.1 Load Feeder Overcurrent Protection
- 6.4.3.2 Load Feeder Ground Protection
- 6.4.3.3 Source and Tie Overcurrent Protection
- 6.4.3.4 High Side Source Transformer Overcurrent Protection
- 6.4.3.5 Source and Tie Residual Ground Protection
- 6.4.3.6 Source Transformer Neutral Ground Protection
- 6.4.3.7 Alarm-Only Ground Schemes
- 6.4.4 Switchgear Bus Transfers
- 6.6 Bibliography
-
6.1 Operation of Large Generators
-
7 Electrical Maintenance Guidelines
- 7.1 Generator Electrical Maintenance
-
7.2 Transformer Electrical Maintenance
- 7.2.1 Purpose
- 7.2.2 Inspections
- 7.2.3 Transformer Testing
- 7.2.4 Avoiding Pyrolitic Growth in Tap Changers
- 7.2.5 Internal Inspection
- 7.2.6 Electrostatic Voltage Transfer
- 7.2.7 Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)
- 7.2.8 Dielectric Breakdown Test
- 7.2.9 Insulators and Bushings
- 7.2.10 Sudden-Pressure Relays
- 7.2.11 Spare Transformer Maintenance
- 7.2.12 Phasing Test
- 7.3 Motor Electrical Maintenance
- 7.4 Switchgear Circuit Breaker Maintenance
-
7.5 Insulation Testing of Electrical Apparatus
- 7.5.1 Purpose
- 7.5.2 Apparatus 440 Volts and Higher
- 7.5.3 Normal Routine Maintenance
- 7.5.4 Avoiding a Forced Outage or Load Restriction
- 7.5.5 DC High Potential Testing
- 7.5.6 Generator and Motor Stator Winding Test Values
- 7.5.7 Generator Rotor Field Test Values
- 7.5.8 Generator Neutral Buses or Cables
- 7.5.9 Cable 5 kV and Higher
- 7.6 Bus and Motor Control Center (MCC) Maintenance
- 7.7. Protective Relay Testing
- 7.8 Battery Inspection and Maintenance
- 7.9 Personnel Safety Grounds
- 7.10 Generator Automatic Voltage Regulators and Power System Stabilizers
- 7.11 Bibliography
- Index
Product information
- Title: Electrical Calculations and Guidelines for Generating Station and Industrial Plants
- Author(s):
- Release date: December 2017
- Publisher(s): CRC Press
- ISBN: 9781351833165
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