CHAPTER 5
THE SPORT OFFICIAL IN RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
In the name of all the judges and officials, I promise that we shall officiate in these Olympic Games with complete impartiality, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them in the true spirit of sportsmanship.
(Officials' Olympic Oath since 1972)
Without a doubt, judges, referees, and umpires are an essential component of sport competitions, such as in the Olympic Games. They are responsible for evaluating athlete performances and for enforcing rules. They often have a direct impact on the outcome of a competition, and their decisions can be the center of media attention and public debates, or, at the worst of times, fan, athlete, and coach ...
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