Silicon integrated circuits (ICs) have ushered in an unprecedented revolution in many areas of today’s society, including communications, medicine, military, security, and entertainment. This dramatic impact of ICs on society is due to the continuous miniaturization of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) field-effect-transistor (FET) devices toward their ultimate dimensions of approximately 5 nm, thereby providing low-cost, high-density, fast, and low-power ICs. Our ability to fabricate billions of individual components on a silicon chip of a few centimeters squared has enabled the information age. However, with increase in the device densities in ICs, the complexities of IC design have increased significantly. Designing such complex IC ...
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