One useful method we can employ almost immediately when encountering a new code base is to populate a mind map or flowchart that highlights not only the things we know but the things we aren't yet sure about. Here's a simplified example of such a diagram for a piece of medical software I once worked on:
As you can see, I have tried to outline my current understanding of the user flow and have also added questions or areas of confusion I am personally experiencing in the cloud annotations. Over time, as my understanding grows, I can add to this flowchart.