Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide, Second Edition

Chapter 7. Basic Visual Formatting

In the previous chapters, we covered a great deal of practical information on how CSS handles text and fonts in a document. In this chapter, we look at the theoretical side of visual rendering, answering many of the questions we skipped over earlier in the interest of addressing how CSS is implemented.

Why is it necessary to spend an entire chapter on the theoretical underpinnings of visual rendering in CSS? The answer is that with a model as open and powerful as that contained within CSS, no book could hope to cover every possible way of combining properties and effects. You will obviously go on to discover new ways of using CSS for your own document effects.

In the course of exploring CSS, you may encounter seemingly strange behaviors in user agents. With a thorough grasp of how the visual rendering model works in CSS, you’ll be able to determine whether a behavior is a correct (if unexpected) consequence of the rendering engine CSS defines or whether you’ve stumbled across a bug that needs to be reported.

Basic Boxes

CSS assumes that every element generates one or more rectangular boxes, called element boxes. (Future versions of the specification may allow for nonrectangular boxes, but for now everything is rectangular.) Each element box has a content area at its core. The content area is surrounded by optional amounts of padding, borders, and margins. These items are considered optional because they could all be set to a width of zero, effectively ...