Applied Digital Optics: From Micro-optics to Nanophotonics

Applied Digital Optics: From Micro-optics to Nanophotonics

by Patrick Meyrueis, Bernard C. Kress
Released December 2009
Publisher(s): Wiley
ISBN: 9780470022634

Read it now on the O’Reilly learning platform with a 10-day free trial.

O’Reilly members get unlimited access to books, live events, courses curated by job role, and more from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers.

Start your free trial

Book description

Miniaturization and mass replications have begun to lead the optical industry in the transition from traditional analog to novel digital optics. As digital optics enter the realm of mainstream technology through the worldwide sale of consumer electronic devices, this timely book aims to present the topic of digital optics in a unified way. Ranging from micro-optics to nanophotonics, and design to fabrication through to integration in final products, it reviews the various physical implementations of digital optics in either micro-refractives, waveguide (planar lightwave chips), diffractive and hybrid optics or sub-wavelength structures (resonant gratings, surface plasmons, photonic crystals and metamaterials). Finally, it presents a comprehensive list of industrial and commercial applications that are taking advantage of the unique properties of digital optics.

Applied Digital Optics is aimed primarily at optical engineers and product development and technical marketing managers; it is also of interest to graduate-level photonics students and micro-optic foundries.

  • Helps optical engineers review and choose the appropriate software tools to design, model and generate fabrication files.

  • Gives product managers access to an exhaustive list of applications available in today's market for integrating such digital optics, as well as where the next potential application of digital optics might be.

  • Provides a broad view for technical marketing managers in all aspects of digital optics, and how such optics can be classified.

  • Explains the numerical implementation of optical design and modelling techniques.

  • Enables micro-optics foundries to integrate the latest fabrication and replication techniques, and accordingly fine tune their own fabrication processes.

Table of contents

  1. Cover Page
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. About the Authors
  7. Foreword by Professor Joseph Goodman
  8. Foreword by Professor Trevor Hall
  9. Acknowledgments
  10. Acronyms
    1. Optical Design Acronyms
    2. Computer Design Acronyms
    3. Fabrication-related Acronyms
    4. Application-related Acronyms
  11. Introduction
    1. Why a Book on Digital Optics?
    2. Digital versus Analog
    3. What are Digital Optics?
    4. The Realm of Digital Optics
    5. Supplementary Material
  12. 1: From Refraction to Diffraction
    1. 1.1 Refraction and Diffraction Phenomena
    2. 1.2 Understanding the Diffraction Phenomenon
    3. 1.3 No More Parasitic Effects
    4. 1.4 From Refractive Optics to Diffractive Optics
    5. 1.5 From Diffractive Optics to Digital Optics
    6. 1.6 Are Diffractives and Refractives Interchangeable Elements?
  13. 2: Classification of Digital Optics
    1. 2.1 Early Digital Optics
    2. 2.2 Guided-wave Digital Optics
    3. 2.3 Free-space Digital Optics
    4. 2.4 Hybrid Digital Optics
  14. 3: Guided-wave Digital Optics
    1. 3.1 From Optical Fibers to Planar Lightwave Circuits (PLCs)
    2. 3.2 Light Propagation in Waveguides
    3. 3.3 The Optical Fiber
    4. 3.4 The Dielectric Slab Waveguide
    5. 3.5 Channel Waveguides
    6. 3.6 PLC In- and Out-coupling
    7. 3.7 Functionality Integration
  15. 4: Refractive Micro-optics
    1. 4.1 Micro-optics in Nature
    2. 4.2 GRIN Lenses
    3. 4.3 Surface-relief Micro-optics
    4. 4.4 Micro-optics Arrays
  16. 5: Digital Diffractive Optics: Analytic Type
    1. 5.1 Analytic and Numeric Digital Diffractives
    2. 5.2 The Notion of Diffraction Orders
    3. 5.3 Diffraction Gratings
    4. 5.4 Diffractive Optical Elements
    5. 5.5 Diffractive Interferogram Lenses
  17. 6: Digital Diffractive Optics: Numeric Type
    1. 6.1 Computer-generated Holograms
    2. 6.2 Designing CGHs
    3. 6.3 Multiplexing CGHs
    4. 6.4 Various CGH Functionality Implementations
  18. 7: Hybrid Digital Optics
    1. 7.1 Why Combine Different Optical Elements?
    2. 7.2 Analysis of Lens Aberrations
    3. 7.3 Improvement of Optical Functionality
    4. 7.4 The Generation of Novel Optical Functionality
    5. 7.5 Waveguide-based Hybrid Optics
    6. 7.6 Reducing Weight, Size and Cost
    7. 7.7 Specifying Hybrid Optics in Optical CAD/CAM
    8. 7.8 A Parametric Design Example of Hybrid Optics via Ray-tracing Techniques
  19. 8: Digital Holographic Optics
    1. 8.1 Conventional Holography
    2. 8.2 Different Types of Holograms
    3. 8.3 Unique Features of Holograms
    4. 8.4 Modeling the Behavior of Volume Holograms
    5. 8.5 HOE Lenses
    6. 8.6 HOE Design Tools
    7. 8.7 Holographic Origination Techniques
    8. 8.8 Holographic Materials for HOEs
    9. 8.9 Other Holographic Techniques
  20. 9: Dynamic Digital Optics
    1. 9.1 An Introduction to Dynamic Digital Optics
    2. 9.2 Switchable Digital Optics
    3. 9.3 Tunable Digital Optics
    4. 9.4 Reconfigurable Digital Optics
    5. 9.5 Digital Software Lenses: Wavefront Coding
  21. 10: Digital Nano-optics
    1. 10.1 The Concept of ‘Nano’ in Optics
    2. 10.2 Sub-wavelength Gratings
    3. 10.3 Modeling Sub-wavelength Gratings
    4. 10.4 Engineering Effective Medium Optical Elements
    5. 10.5 Form Birefringence Materials
    6. 10.6 Guided Mode Resonance Gratings
    7. 10.7 Surface Plasmonics
    8. 10.8 Photonic Crystals
    9. 10.9 Optical Metamaterials
  22. 11: Digital Optics Modeling Techniques
    1. 11.1 Tools Based on Ray Tracing
    2. 11.2 Scalar Diffraction Based Propagators
    3. 11.3 Beam Propagation Modeling (BPM) Methods
    4. 11.4 Nonparaxial Diffraction Regime Issues
    5. 11.5 Rigorous Electromagnetic Modeling Techniques
    6. 11.6 Digital Optics Design and Modeling Tools Available Today
    7. 11.7 Practical Paraxial Numeric Modeling Examples
    8. References
  23. 12: Digital Optics Fabrication Techniques
    1. 12.1 Holographic Origination
    2. 12.2 Diamond Tool Machining
    3. 12.3 Photo-reduction
    4. 12.4 Microlithographic Fabrication of Digital Optics
    5. 12.5 Micro-refractive Element Fabrication Techniques
    6. 12.6 Direct Writing Techniques
    7. 12.7 Gray-scale Optical Lithography
    8. 12.8 Front/Back Side Wafer Alignments and Wafer Stacks
    9. 12.9 A Summary of Fabrication Techniques
  24. 13: Design for Manufacturing
    1. 13.1 The Lithographic Challenge
    2. 13.2 Software Solutions: Reticle Enhancement Techniques
    3. 13.3 Hardware Solutions
    4. 13.4 Process Solutions
  25. 14: Replication Techniques for Digital Optics
    1. 14.1 The LIGA Process
    2. 14.2 Mold Generation Techniques
    3. 14.3 Embossing Techniques
    4. 14.4 The UV Casting Process
    5. 14.5 Injection Molding Techniques
    6. 14.6 The Sol-Gel Process
    7. 14.7 The Nano-replication Process
    8. 14.8 A Summary of Replication Technologies
  26. 15: Specifying and Testing Digital Optics
    1. 15.1 Fabless Lithographic Fabrication Management
    2. 15.2 Specifying the Fabrication Process
    3. 15.3 Fabrication Evaluation
    4. 15.4 Optical Functionality Evaluation
  27. 16: Digital Optics Application Pools
    1. 16.1 Heavy Industry
    2. 16.2 Defense, Security and Space
    3. 16.3 Clean Energy
    4. 16.4 Factory Automation
    5. 16.5 Optical Telecoms
    6. 16.6 Biomedical Applications
    7. 16.7 Entertainment and Marketing
    8. 16.8 Consumer Electronics
    9. 16.9 Summary
    10. 16.10 The Future of Digital Optics
  28. Conclusion
  29. Appendix A: Rigorous Theory of Diffraction
    1. A.1 Maxwell's Equations
    2. A.2 Wave Propagation and the Wave Equation
    3. A.3 Towards a Scalar Field Representation
    4. References
  30. Appendix B: The Scalar Theory of Diffraction
    1. B.1 Full Scalar Theory
    2. B.2 Scalar Diffraction Models for Digital Optics
    3. B.3 Extended Scalar Models
    4. References
  31. Appendix C: FFTs and DFTs in Optics
    1. C.1 The Fourier Transform in Optics Today
    2. C.2 Conditions for the Existence of the Fourier Transform
    3. C.3 The Complex Fourier Transform
    4. C.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform
    5. C.5 The Properties of the Fourier Transform and Examples in Optics
    6. C.6 Other Transforms
  32. Index

Product information

  • Title: Applied Digital Optics: From Micro-optics to Nanophotonics
  • Author(s): Patrick Meyrueis, Bernard C. Kress
  • Release date: December 2009
  • Publisher(s): Wiley
  • ISBN: 9780470022634