preface

A major framework for many years, Angular has influenced a generation of web technologies. Even developers who haven’t used it have benefitted from its existence, as it helped popularize a number of important concepts and technologies.

Early in its AngularJS days (version 1.x is known as AngularJS), it became perhaps the most popular web application framework of its time. But the 1.x version had limitations, and a number of optimizations were built into the framework. The concept of two-way databinding (being able to sync data between the controller and the view automatically), which was touted early on as its best feature, became a performance bottleneck in large applications that abused its utility. To help mitigate this problem, ...

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