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Cybernetics is essentially the discipline that studies communication and control in living beings and the machines invented, created, and built by man. A more philosophical definition, suggested by Louis Couffignal in 1958, considers cybernetics as “the art of assuring efficiency of action”. The word cybernetics was reinvented by Norbert Wiener in 1948 from the Greek kubernetes, pilot, or rudder. The word was first used by Plato in the sense of “the art of steering” or “the art of government”. Ampère used the word cybernetics to denote “the study of ways of governing”. One of the very first cybernetics mechanisms to control the speed of the steam engine, invented by James Watt and Matthew Boulton in 1788, was ...
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