Filing cabinets, GAAP, and the accountant’s dilemma
The inability to take advantage of digital technology is as big a threat to financial organizations as any fintech startup.
Ledger paper (source: rmkoske)
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There’s plenty of news about the fintech, or financial technology, sector these days. Hundreds of nimble startups are disaggregating the age-old financial systems on which every transaction has relied for decades. There’s little doubt that this will continue — after all, more than four billion humans have a mobile phone, and 1.3 billion know how to use a Facebook feed, but only a billion are what we’d consider “normally banked.” Something’s got to give, and software is eating traditional financial systems one bite at a time.
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But the existing financial industry isn’t just under threat from outside. Many of the processes and institutions of finance have been around for centuries, and their processes are tied to physical systems rather than digital ones. As a result, they’re unable to take advantage of digital innovations easily and remain competitive.
Let’s look at accounting
Accounting is a legislatively necessary process. It supports taxation, allows the evaluation of a company’s worth, lets lenders establish credit-worthiness, and so on. Formally, it is “the measurement, processing, and communication of financial information about economic entities. Accounting measures the results of an organization’s economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of users, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators.” Accounting is a broad field, which includes financial, management, and tax accounting as well as auditing.
Accounting itself can be traced back to the dawn of recorded history, and the practice of double-entry bookkeeping has been around since the 15th century. The organized profession of accountancy started in the 19th century, particularly after the stock market crash of 1929.
For centuries, accountants have needed a way to track a company’s spending, revenues, and assets. They did this according to a set of rules that defined where things should live, ensuring consistency across years and throughout different companies. In the 20th century, those rules were formalized into standard frameworks like the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
Unfortunately, age-old practices like accounting are full of outdated systems that are hard to update for a digital era.
Filing cabinets are a bad mental model
Consider, for example, the practice of account classification, which tells an accountant where a particular asset should be recorded. It’s bit like using a filing cabinet, and knowing which folder each document should be stored in. But filing cabinets are skeuomorphs — old analogies that we’ve dragged into new uses. Skeuomorphs are mental training wheels. They ease us into a learning curve, but they soon hold us back. Dragging the physical attributes of a filing cabinet into a digital world limits the innovation we can produce with the resulting digital filing cabinet — and as a result, accounting is held back by its reliance on these kind of older models.
I’m drinking a cup of coffee on a plane as I write this. The airline might file it under a passenger (Alistair); an object (cup); or a beverage (coffee). It might even file it under the seat I’m in, or the flight number; it might add information to the cup over time.
Imagine you want to file my coffee cup somewhere in a physical filing system. Where does it live? Where do I keep a tally of cups served, or of liters of lackluster airline coffee served? Someone tasked with counting cups during a beverage audit might not look under coffee.
One approach to solving this might be to make several copies of my cup of coffee, filing one under “alistair,” one under “cup,” and one under “coffee.” But then a note made on the “Alistair” cup wouldn’t be updated to the “cup” and “coffee” instances of the cup. The copies would quickly diverge, and the filing system grow unwieldy.
To tackle this problem, accountants follow a system of account classification that tells them where to file things: costs, bill payments, physical goods, and so on. In other words, there can be only one “Alistair’s Cup of Coffee,” and it’s filed under “cups.”
Hashtags break GAAP
In a modern, digital world, there’s an object, which might be tagged as #coffee, #alistair, #Seat19D, #cup, and myriad other meaningful pieces of metadata. To get a tally of cups, you’d add up #cup; to find out how much coffee you’d served, you’d add up #coffee. Hashtags are a different kind of filing system, one that’s patently obvious to anyone who’s tagged a picture in Facebook or added a hashtag to a Tweet. But it’s not how accounting works.
Hashtags are unstructured data, the domain of big data and high tech, and it’s hard to fit into the concept of a filing cabinet. Accounting doesn’t like unstructured data; it’s fundamentally about structure: “…those involved with internal and external financial reporting are limited, by training and inclination, to working with structured data—the kind that can fit readily into tables, Excel spreadsheets and, ultimately, financial statements.” Even if accounting wants to change, it needs to fundamentally reinvent itself at its core, and convince regulators and banks that the changes it’s making are safe and reliable.
In other words, it’s hard for accountancy to think new thoughts.
New thoughts to think
Traditionally, standard-setters address challenges by adding more detail to the audit report, or to the note disclosures of financial statements. For accounting, innovation has been synonymous with an increase in regulatory complexity or the volume of reporting. This, of course, tends to reduce management’s ability to comply with GAAP and to increase the cost of audit.
The inability to think new thoughts and take advantage of digital technology is as big a threat to large financial organizations as any brazen, well-funded fintech startup. Financial incumbents face tremendous changes as technology becomes ubiquitous:
- Once every transaction is tracked through digital systems, auditing and taxation gets dramatically simpler. As any manager knows, getting employees to complete expense reports is tough. But software has no choice but to record its actions. Every Uber ride tracks itself, including not only the cost of the trip, but also the time, start, and end points.
- Much of the “busy work” of bookkeeping, such as expense and payment entry, vanishes with software. Expensify automatically parses physical receipts; Tripit creates complete travel itineraries; Gmail extracts hotel stays from emails.
- Financial reports can prepare themselves. Auditing is about examining financial records to ensure that the statements management has prepared are fair. GAAP reporting rules are complex, making it harder for mid-level management teams to properly interpret them, and managers are more concerned with running the company than formal reporting. So, accounting can often be like forensics. But when software collects transactions and understands how to report them, accountants will spend less time on forensics and more time doing QA and testing of software’s underlying algorithms.
- As financial tools are democratized, there’s less variance and more standardization of the underlying data; and what isn’t consistent, machine learning can sort out relatively well, flagging exceptions. When every phone is a point-of-sale terminal and digital wallet, everything is stored consistently. A more standardized level of record keeping and financial reporting makes transactions easier to certify and verify, which was the idea behind the eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL).
- New currencies have their own ledgers. Tax accounting isn’t the same as financial accounting, but it’s another important area for innovation. If taxation authorities could simplify and harmonize tax code, it might reduce filing costs and tax audit disputes. But because tax code is an economic tool for governments, it’s a difficult problem to address. E-commerce and virtual companies present some of the thorniest tax questions for regulators. Once cryptocurrency — which includes its own independently verifiable record of transactions — becomes a viable alternative to traditional currencies, tax accounting will need to fundamentally change.
- Even consumer protection will change: the JOBS act and relaxation of “accredited investor” requirements increase the need for automated auditing and risk assessment tools that can report financial health in real time. This is a big topic of discussion in the crowdfunding sector: early-stage companies can’t pay for robust audit procedures and VCs use metrics such as milestones achieved and talent pools — regulators have few tools to assess financial information and protect investors.
An innovator’s dilemma
That accounting will change is obvious. But the world’s big accounting firms don’t feel like they’re under threat, in part because the regulatory environment hasn’t shifted yet. Banks still want audited statements; tax authorities still expect auditable filings. Can the industry disrupt itself before others do? The jury’s still out, but plenty of people are trying.
In The Innovator’s Dilemma, Clay Christensen observed that disruption happens not because the existing vendors couldn’t innovate — indeed, they were innovating faster than even their biggest customers needed them to — but because a cheaper, “good enough” alternative was initially adopted by a market that wasn’t attractive to existing vendors, and then grew because it appealed to a different value than the original.
For a more modern example of Christensen’s model, we need look no further than Amazon Web Services. Incumbent server vendors were building faster, more reliable servers for CIOs; meanwhile, Amazon launched an on-demand computing platform whose machines were slower, failed unexpectedly, and cost more to run over time than dedicated hardware. Early buyers — startups, CTOs, rogue teams — didn’t look like the kind of customer that server vendors wanted, and they were largely ignored. Over time, cloud architectures became more resilient and powerful than dedicated servers, and now Amazon has an almost unbeatable head start.
The accounting industry is in a similar situation. Hundreds of software tools aimed at consumers and small businesses are finding their way slowly into the hands of bigger organizations, altering how formal accounting and auditing (which is ripe for disruption) happen.
A slightly different way to think of accounting is as a set of processes in the present that make activity in the past discoverable in the future. Technology can significantly improve and automate the existing accounting industry, but it probably won’t, at least not in the near future, because its ancient metaphors create too much inertia.
Instead, new entrants will emerge, breaking existing rules, and eventually those rules will become commonplace, and then formalized, and then fact.
All because accountants love their filing cabinets.