1. Chapter 1 An Introduction to TCP/IP

   1. A Brief History of the Internet

   2. TCP/IP's Architecture

   3. TCP/IP Protocols and Services In-Depth

   4. How Application Protocols Communicate Over IP

2. Chapter 2 The Internet Protocol

   1. The IP Standard

   2. The IP Header

   3. IP in Action

   4. Troubleshooting IP

3. Chapter 3 The Address Resolution Protocol

   1. The ARP Standard

   2. The ARP Packet

   3. ARP in Action

   4. Debugging ARP Problems

4. Chapter 4 Multicasting and the Internet Group Management Protocol

   1. The IP Multicasting and IGMP Specifications

   2. IGMP Messages

   3. Multicasting and IGMP in Action

   4. Troubleshooting Multicasts and IGMP

5. Chapter 5 The Internet Control Message Protocol

   1. The ICMP Specification

   2. ICMP Messages

   3. ICMP in Action

   4. Troubleshooting ICMP

6. Chapter 6 The User Datagram Protocol

   1. The UDP Standard

   2. The UDP Header

   3. Troubleshooting UDP

7. Chapter 7 The Transmission Control Protocol

   1. The TCP Standard

   2. The TCP Header

   3. TCP in Action

   4. Troubleshooting TCP

1. Appendix A The Internet Standardization Process

   1. The Internet Authorities

   2. Internet Documents (Drafts, RFCs, and STDs)

2. Appendix B IP Addressing Fundamentals

   1. IP Addresses

   2. Subnet Masks

   3. Subnet Classes

   4. Internet-Legal Versus Private Addressing

3. Appendix C Using the CD-ROM

   1. Contents of the CD-ROM

   2. Installing and Using the Software

   3. Getting Help with Shomiti Systems' Products

4. Bibliography

5. Colophon

Our look is the result of reader comments, our own experimentation, and feedback from distribution channels. Distinctive covers complement our distinctive approach to technical topics, breathing personality and life into potentially dry subjects. The animals on the cover of Internet Core Protocols are trout. Trout belong to the family Salmonidae, one of the 435 families of Osteichthyes, the class of bony fish. Some species of trout, like their cousins the salmon, are anadromous. This means they systematically leave their freshwater, natal streams to feed in the ocean before expending most of their life's energy swimming hundreds of miles back to spawn in the exact streams in which they hatched.

The trout in the upper left is a blueback char (Salvelinus alpinus). Most often referred to as arctic char, the sea-going variety is typically 2-8 pounds, with a deep blue-green back, brilliant silver sides, and occasional violet-pink spots. It is found farther north than any other freshwater fish. Circumpolar in distribution, arctic char roam marine environments off the coasts of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, the U.K., and Scandinavia, eating zooplankton and small fish.

The fish on the lower right is the North American brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis, meaning spring char), a stream-dwelling, small (1-3 pound) trout indigenous to the streams around the Great Lakes. Its olive-green back is marked with dark wavy lines and its sides have pale yellow and red spots, creating camouflage as seen from above when the sun shines through the water. During warm months, they eat insects and their larvae; in the cold months, they feed on larvae only, which they find on the lake bottom.

There are many dangers threatening trout and other salmonid. Dams and irrigation projects impede their upstream journeys, preventing reproduction; over-harvesting affects the ocean populations and over-fishing threatens stream-dwellers. A reduction in ocean productivity, due to weather phenomena such as El Nino, depletes their food sources. Even environmental protection laws can have an unintended impact-they can boost the populations of predators such as sea lions and seals, who hunt in the estuaries where the fish must stay for days while adjusting to saline changes between environments. Nicole Arigo was the production editor and copyeditor for Internet Core Protocols. Colleen Gorman was the proofreader; Maureen Dempsey, Mary Anne Weeks Mayo, and Jane Ellin provided quality control. The illustrations that appear in this book were produced by Robert Romano and Rhon Porter using Macromedia FreeHand 8 and Adobe Photoshop 5. Ellen Troutman wrote the index.

Edie Freedman designed the cover of this book, using a 19th-century engraving from the Dover Pictorial Archive. Kathleen Wilson designed the cover layout and CD label with QuarkXPress 4.04 using the ITC Garamond font. The inside layout was designed by Nancy Priest and Alicia Cech and implemented in FrameMaker 5.5 by Mike Sierra. The text and heading fonts are ITC Garamond Light and Garamond Book. This colophon was written by Sarah Jane Shangraw.

Whenever possible, our books use RepKover™, a durable and flexible lay-flat binding. If the page count exceeds RepKover™'s limit, perfect binding is used.