1. Chapter 1 Introduction

   1. What Is a Web Application?

   2. How Do You Build Web Applications?

   3. What Is Architecture?

   4. How Do I Get Started?

2. Chapter 2 Web Application Architecture

   1. Layered Software Architecture

   2. Layered Technologies

   3. Software Interface Design

   4. Getting from A to B

   5. The Software/Hardware Divide

   6. Hardware Platforms

   7. Hardware Platform Growth

   8. Hardware Redundancy

   9. Networking

   10. Languages, Technologies, and Databases

3. Chapter 3 Development Environments

   1. The Three Rules

   2. Use Source Control

   3. One-Step Build

   4. Issue Tracking

   5. Scaling the Development Model

   6. Coding Standards

   7. Testing

4. Chapter 4 i18n, L10n, and Unicode

   1. Internationalization and Localization

   2. Unicode in a Nutshell

   3. Unicode Encodings

   4. The UTF-8 Encoding

   5. UTF-8 Web Applications

   6. Using UTF-8 with PHP

   7. Using UTF-8 with Other Languages

   8. Using UTF-8 with MySQL

   9. Using UTF-8 with Email

   10. Using UTF-8 with JavaScript

   11. Using UTF-8 with APIs

5. Chapter 5 Data Integrity and Security

   1. Data Integrity Policies

   2. Good, Valid, and Invalid

   3. Filtering UTF-8

   4. Filtering Control Characters

   5. Filtering HTML

   6. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

   7. SQL Injection Attacks

6. Chapter 6 Email

   1. Receiving Email

   2. Injecting Email into Your Application

   3. The MIME Format

   4. Parsing Simple MIME Emails

   5. Parsing UU Encoded Attachments

   6. TNEF Attachments

   7. Wireless Carriers Hate You

   8. Character Sets and Encodings

   9. Recognizing Your Users

   10. Unit Testing

7. Chapter 7 Remote Services

   1. Remote Services Club

   2. Sockets

   3. Using HTTP

   4. Remote Services Redundancy

   5. Asynchronous Systems

   6. Exchanging XML

   7. Lightweight Protocols

8. Chapter 8 Bottlenecks

   1. Identifying Bottlenecks

   2. External Services and Black Boxes

9. Chapter 9 Scaling Web Applications

   1. The Scaling Myth

   2. Scaling the Network

   3. Load Balancing

   4. Scaling MySQL

   5. MyISAM

   6. MySQL Replication

   7. Database Partitioning

   8. Scaling Large Database

   9. Scaling Storage

10. Chapter 10 Statistics, Monitoring, and Alerting

    1. Tracking Web Statistics

    2. Application Monitoring

    3. Alerting

11. Chapter 11 APIs

    1. Data Feeds

    2. Mobile Content

    3. Web Services

    4. API Transports

    5. API Abuse

    6. Authentication

    7. The Future

1. Colophon

The animal on the cover of Building Scalable Web Sites is a carp (Cyprinus carpio). The carp is a fish whose reputation varies greatly depending on who you ask. In some countries, such as Taiwan and Japan, the carp is generally regarded as a sign of good fortune. Carp are bred for their beautiful colors and are featured prominently in Japanese gardens. Carp also enjoy a special place in Japanese art-painters have often used the fish to symbolize persistence, longevity, and fertility.

In other parts of the world, the carp is seen as a nuisance and has become a target for removal. In the United States, for example, carp are sometimes poisoned so that different fish can be introduced. However, the carp's ability to adapt and even thrive in the harshest of conditions have made such extermination efforts difficult. In Australia, the carp has an even worse reputation. Studies have shown that carp, which are not indigenous and were introduced illegally to the continent, are destructive to Australian ecologies. As a result, strict laws have been put into place-for example, if you catch a carp while fishing, it is illegal to return it to the water.

The carp's reputation as a food also varies depending on where you are. Carp is routinely served in many Asian countries, such as China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea. In some Eastern European countries, carp is served on special occasions and is a traditional Christmas Eve meal. In North America, on the other hand, carp is largely considered to be too boney and fishy tasting for eating.

Even the carp's status as a game fish varies from place to place. Among the toughest fighting freshwater fish, the carp would seem to be the ideal challenge for anglers all over the world. However, in the U.S., the carp is not considered to be a top game fish, although that is beginning to change. But Europeans take carp fishing much more seriously, and top anglers come together for competitions all over Europe.

The cover image is from Cassell's Natural History. The cover font is Adobe ITC Garamond. The text font is Linotype Birka; the heading font is Adobe Myriad Condensed; and the code font is LucasFont's TheSans Mono Condensed.