PHP Cookbook | O'Reilly Media

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PHP Cookbook, Second Edition By Adam Trachtenberg, David Sklar
August 2006
Pages: 810

| Table of Contents | Index | Sample Chapter | Colophon

Chapter 1 Strings
1. Introduction
2. Accessing Substrings
3. Extracting Substrings
4. Replacing Substrings
5. Processing a String One Byte at a Time
6. Reversing a String by Word or Byte
7. Expanding and Compressing Tabs
8. Controlling Case
9. Interpolating Functions and Expressions Within Strings
10. Trimming Blanks from a String
11. Generating Comma-Separated Data
12. Parsing Comma-Separated Data
13. Generating Fixed-Width Field Data Records
14. Parsing Fixed-Width Field Data Records
15. Taking Strings Apart
16. Wrapping Text at a Certain Line Length
17. Storing Binary Data in Strings
18. Program: Downloadable CSV File
Chapter 2 Numbers
1. Introduction
2. Checking Whether a Variable Contains a Valid Number
3. Comparing Floating-Point Numbers
4. Rounding Floating-Point Numbers
5. Operating on a Series of Integers
6. Generating Random Numbers Within a Range
7. Generating Biased Random Numbers
8. Taking Logarithms
9. Calculating Exponents
10. Formatting Numbers
11. Formatting Monetary Values
12. Printing Correct Plurals
13. Calculating Trigonometric Functions
14. Doing Trigonometry in Degrees, Not Radians
15. Handling Very Large or Very Small Numbers
16. Converting Between Bases
17. Calculating Using Numbers in Bases Other Than Decimal
18. Finding the Distance Between Two Places
Chapter 3 Dates and Times
1. Introduction
2. Finding the Current Date and Time
3. Converting Time and Date Parts to an Epoch Timestamp
4. Converting an Epoch Timestamp to Time and Date Parts
5. Printing a Date or Time in a Specified Format
6. Finding the Difference of Two Dates
7. Finding the Difference of Two Dates with Julian Days
8. Finding the Day in a Week, Month, or Year
9. Validating a Date
10. Parsing Dates and Times from Strings
11. Adding to or Subtracting from a Date
12. Calculating Time with Time Zones
13. Accounting for Daylight Savings Time
14. Generating a High-Precision Time
15. Generating Time Ranges
16. Using Non-Gregorian Calendars
17. Using Dates Outside the Range of an Epoch Timestamp
18. Program: Calendar
Chapter 4 Arrays
1. Introduction
2. Specifying an Array Not Beginning at Element 0
3. Storing Multiple Elements Per Key in an Array
4. Initializing an Array to a Range of Integers
5. Iterating Through an Array
6. Deleting Elements from an Array
7. Changing Array Size
8. Appending One Array to Another
9. Turning an Array into a String
10. Printing an Array with Commas
11. Checking if a Key Is in an Array
12. Checking if an Element Is in an Array
13. Finding the Position of a Value in an Array
14. Finding Elements That Pass a Certain Test
15. Finding the Largest or Smallest Valued Element in an Array
16. Reversing an Array
17. Sorting an Array
18. Sorting an Array by a Computable Field
19. Sorting Multiple Arrays
20. Sorting an Array Using a Method Instead of a Function
21. Randomizing an Array
22. Removing Duplicate Elements from an Array
23. Applying a Function to Each Element in an Array
24. Finding the Union, Intersection, or Difference of Two Arrays
25. Making an Object Act like an Array
26. Program: Printing a Horizontally Columned HTML Table
Chapter 5 Variables
1. Introduction
2. Avoiding == Versus = Confusion
3. Establishing a Default Value
4. Exchanging Values Without Using Temporary Variables
5. Creating a Dynamic Variable Name
6. Using Static Variables
7. Sharing Variables Between Processes
8. Encapsulating Complex Data Types in a String
9. Dumping Variable Contents as Strings
Chapter 6 Functions
1. Introduction
2. Accessing Function Parameters
3. Setting Default Values for Function Parameters
4. Passing Values by Reference
5. Using Named Parameters
6. Creating Functions That Take a Variable Number of Arguments
7. Returning Values by Reference
8. Returning More Than One Value
9. Skipping Selected Return Values
10. Returning Failure
11. Calling Variable Functions
12. Accessing a Global Variable Inside a Function
13. Creating Dynamic Functions
Chapter 7 Classes and Objects
1. Introduction
2. Instantiating Objects
3. Defining Object Constructors
4. Defining Object Destructors
5. Implementing Access Control
6. Preventing Changes to Classes and Methods
7. Defining Object Stringification
8. Specifying Interfaces
9. Creating Abstract Base Classes
10. Assigning Object References
11. Cloning Objects
12. Overriding Property Accesses
13. Calling Methods on an Object Returned by Another Method
14. Aggregating Objects
15. Accessing Overridden Methods
16. Using Method Polymorphism
17. Defining Class Constants
18. Defining Static Properties and Methods
19. Controlling Object Serialization
20. Introspecting Objects
21. Checking if an Object Is an Instance of a Specific Class
22. Autoloading Class Files upon Object Instantiation
23. Instantiating an Object Dynamically
24. Program: whereis
Chapter 8 Web Basics
1. Introduction
2. Setting Cookies
3. Reading Cookie Values
4. Deleting Cookies
5. Redirecting to a Different Location
6. Detecting Different Browsers
7. Building a Query String
8. Reading the Post Request Body
9. Generating HTML Tables with Alternating Row Styles
10. Using HTTP Basic or Digest Authentication
11. Using Cookie Authentication
12. Flushing Output to the Browser
13. Buffering Output to the Browser
14. Compressing Web Output
15. Reading Environment Variables
16. Setting Environment Variables
17. Communicating Within Apache
18. Program: Web Site Account (De)activator
19. Program: Tiny Wiki
Chapter 9 Form
1. Introduction
2. Processing Form Input
3. Validating Form Input: Required Fields
4. Validating Form Input: Numbers
5. Validating Form Input: Email Addresses
6. Validating Form Input: Drop-Down Menus
7. Validating Form Input: Radio Buttons
8. Validating Form Input: Checkboxes
9. Validating Form Input: Dates and Times
10. Validating Form Input: Credit Cards
11. Preventing Cross-Site Scripting
12. Working with Multipage Forms
13. Redisplaying Forms with Inline Error Messages
14. Guarding Against Multiple Submission of the Same Form
15. Processing Uploaded Files
16. Preventing Global Variable Injection
17. Handling Remote Variables with Periods in Their Names
18. Using Form Elements with Multiple Options
19. Creating Drop-Down Menus Based on the Current Date
Chapter 10 Database Access
1. Introduction
2. Using DBM Databases
3. Using an SQLite Database
4. Connecting to an SQL Database
5. Querying an SQL Database
6. Retrieving Rows Without a Loop
7. Modifying Data in an SQL Database
8. Repeating Queries Efficiently
9. Finding the Number of Rows Returned by a Query
10. Escaping Quotes
11. Logging Debugging Information and Errors
12. Creating Unique Identifiers
13. Building Queries Programmatically
14. Making Paginated Links for a Series of Records
15. Caching Queries and Results
16. Accessing a Database Connection Anywhere in Your Program
17. Program: Storing a Threaded Message Board
Chapter 11 Sessions and Data Persistence
1. Introduction
2. Using Session Tracking
3. Preventing Session Hijacking
4. Preventing Session Fixation
5. Storing Sessions in a Database
6. Storing Sessions in Shared Memory
7. Storing Arbitrary Data in Shared Memory
8. Caching Calculated Results in Summary Tables
Chapter 12 XML
1. Introduction
2. Generating XML as a String
3. Generating XML with the DOM
4. Parsing Basic XML Documents
5. Parsing Complex XML Documents
6. Parsing Large XML Documents
7. Extracting Information Using XPath
8. Transforming XML with XSLT
9. Setting XSLT Parameters from PHP
10. Calling PHP Functions from XSLT Stylesheets
11. Validating XML Documents
12. Handling Content Encoding
13. Reading RSS and Atom Feeds
14. Writing RSS Feeds
15. Writing Atom Feeds
Chapter 13 Web Automation
1. Introduction
2. Fetching a URL with the Get Method
3. Fetching a URL with the Post Method
4. Fetching a URL with Cookies
5. Fetching a URL with Arbitrary Headers
6. Fetching a URL with an Arbitrary Method
7. Fetching a URL with a Timeout
8. Fetching an HTTPS URL
9. Debugging the Raw HTTP Exchange
10. Marking Up a Web Page
11. Cleaning Up Broken or Nonstandard HTML
12. Extracting Links from an HTML File
13. Converting Plain Text to HTML
14. Converting HTML to Plain Text
15. Removing HTML and PHP Tags
16. Responding to an Ajax Request
17. Integrating with JavaScript
18. Program: Finding Stale Links
19. Program: Finding Fresh Links
Chapter 14 Consuming Web Services
1. Introduction
2. Calling a REST Method
3. Calling a SOAP Method with WSDL
4. Calling a SOAP Method Without WSDL
5. Debugging SOAP Requests
6. Using Complex SOAP Types
7. Setting SOAP Types
8. Using SOAP Headers
9. Using Authentication with SOAP
10. Redefining an Endpoint
11. Catching SOAP Faults
12. Mapping XML Schema Data Types to PHP Classes
13. Calling an XML-RPC Method
14. Using Authentication with XML-RPC
Chapter 15 Building Web Services
1. Introduction
2. Serving a REST Method
3. Serving a SOAP Method
4. Accepting Arguments in a SOAP Method
5. Generating WSDL Automatically
6. Throwing SOAP Faults
7. Processing a SOAP Header
8. Generating a SOAP Header
9. Using Authentication with SOAP
10. Serving an XML-RPC Method
Chapter 16 Internet Services
1. Introduction
2. Sending Mail
3. Sending MIME Mail
4. Reading Mail with IMAP or POP3
5. Posting Messages to Usenet Newsgroups
6. Reading Usenet News Messages
7. Getting and Putting Files with FTP
8. Looking Up Addresses with LDAP
9. Using LDAP for User Authentication
10. Performing DNS Lookups
11. Checking if a Host Is Alive
12. Getting Information About a Domain Name
Chapter 17 Graphics
1. Introduction
2. Drawing Lines, Rectangles, and Polygons
3. Drawing Arcs, Ellipses, and Circles
4. Drawing with Patterned Lines
5. Drawing Text
6. Drawing Centered Text
7. Building Dynamic Images
8. Getting and Setting a Transparent Color
9. Reading EXIF Data
10. Serving Images Securely
11. Program: Generating Bar Charts from Poll Results
Chapter 18 Security and Encryption
1. Introduction
2. Preventing Session Fixation
3. Protecting Against Form Spoofing
4. Ensuring Input Is Filtered
5. Avoiding Cross-Site Scripting
6. Eliminating SQL Injection
7. Keeping Passwords Out of Your Site Files
8. Storing Passwords
9. Dealing with Lost Passwords
10. Verifying Data with Hashes
11. Encrypting and Decrypting Data
12. Storing Encrypted Data in a File or Database
13. Sharing Encrypted Data with Another Web Site
14. Detecting SSL
15. Encrypting Email with GPG
Chapter 19 Internationalization and Localization
1. Introduction
2. Listing Available Locales
3. Using a Particular Locale
4. Setting the Default Locale
5. Localizing Text Messages
6. Localizing Dates and Times
7. Localizing Currency Values
8. Localizing Images
9. Localizing Included Files
10. Managing Localization Resources
11. Using gettext
12. Setting the Character Encoding of Outgoing Data
13. Setting the Character Encoding of Incoming Data
14. Manipulating UTF-8 Text
Chapter 20 Error Handling, Debugging, and Testing
1. Introduction
2. Finding and Fixing Parse Errors
3. Creating Your Own Exception Classes
4. Printing a Stack Trace
5. Reading Configuration Variables
6. Setting Configuration Variables
7. Hiding Error Messages from Users
8. Tuning Error Handling
9. Using a Custom Error Handler
10. Logging Errors
11. Eliminating “headers already sent” Errors
12. Logging Debugging Information
13. Using a Debugger Extension
14. Writing a Unit Test
15. Writing a Unit Test Suite
16. Applying a Unit Test to a Web Page
17. Setting Up a Test Environment
Chapter 21 Performance Tuning and Load Testing
1. Introduction
2. Timing Function Execution
3. Timing Program Execution
4. Profiling with a Debugger Extension
5. Stress Testing Your Web Site
6. Avoiding Regular Expressions
7. Using an Accelerator
Chapter 22 Regular Expressions
1. Introduction
2. Switching from ereg to preg
3. Matching Words
4. Finding the nth Occurrence of a Match
5. Choosing Greedy or Nongreedy Matches
6. Finding All Lines in a File That Match a Pattern
7. Capturing Text Inside HTML Tags
8. Preventing Parentheses from Capturing Text
9. Escaping Special Characters in a Regular Expression
10. Reading Records with a Pattern Separator
11. Using a PHP Function in a Regular Expression
Chapter 23 Files
1. Introduction
2. Creating or Opening a Local File
3. Creating a Temporary File
4. Opening a Remote File
5. Reading from Standard Input
6. Reading a File into a String
7. Counting Lines, Paragraphs, or Records in a File
8. Processing Every Word in a File
9. Picking a Random Line from a File
10. Randomizing All Lines in a File
11. Processing Variable-Length Text Fields
12. Reading Configuration Files
13. Modifying a File in Place Without a Temporary File
14. Flushing Output to a File
15. Writing to Standard Output
16. Writing to Many Filehandles Simultaneously
17. Escaping Shell Metacharacters
18. Passing Input to a Program
19. Reading Standard Output from a Program
20. Reading Standard Error from a Program
21. Locking a File
22. Reading and Writing Custom File Types
23. Reading and Writing Compressed Files
Chapter 24 Directories
1. Introduction
2. Getting and Setting File Timestamps
3. Getting File Information
4. Changing File Permissions or Ownership
5. Splitting a Filename into Its Component Parts
6. Deleting a File
7. Copying or Moving a File
8. Processing All Files in a Directory
9. Getting a List of Filenames Matching a Pattern
10. Processing All Files in a Directory Recursively
11. Making New Directories
12. Removing a Directory and Its Contents
13. Program: Web Server Directory Listing
14. Program: Site Search
Chapter 25 Command-Line PHP
1. Introduction
2. Parsing Program Arguments
3. Parsing Program Arguments with getopt
4. Reading from the Keyboard
5. Running PHP Code on Every Line of an Input File
6. Reading Passwords
7. Program: Command Shell
Chapter 26 PEAR and PECL
1. Introduction
2. Using the PEAR Installer
3. Finding PEAR Packages
4. Finding Information About a Package
5. Installing PEAR Packages
6. Upgrading PEAR Packages
7. Uninstalling PEAR Packages
8. Installing PECL Packages

Colophon

Return to PHP Cookbook

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Strings

Introduction

Accessing Substrings

Extracting Substrings

Replacing Substrings

Processing a String One Byte at a Time

Reversing a String by Word or Byte

Expanding and Compressing Tabs

Controlling Case

Interpolating Functions and Expressions Within Strings

Trimming Blanks from a String

Generating Comma-Separated Data

Parsing Comma-Separated Data

Generating Fixed-Width Field Data Records

Parsing Fixed-Width Field Data Records

Taking Strings Apart

Wrapping Text at a Certain Line Length

Storing Binary Data in Strings

Program: Downloadable CSV File

Chapter 2 Numbers

Introduction

Checking Whether a Variable Contains a Valid Number

Comparing Floating-Point Numbers

Rounding Floating-Point Numbers

Operating on a Series of Integers

Generating Random Numbers Within a Range

Generating Biased Random Numbers

Taking Logarithms

Calculating Exponents

Formatting Numbers

Formatting Monetary Values

Printing Correct Plurals

Calculating Trigonometric Functions

Doing Trigonometry in Degrees, Not Radians

Handling Very Large or Very Small Numbers

Converting Between Bases

Calculating Using Numbers in Bases Other Than Decimal

Finding the Distance Between Two Places

Chapter 3 Dates and Times

Introduction

Finding the Current Date and Time

Converting Time and Date Parts to an Epoch Timestamp

Converting an Epoch Timestamp to Time and Date Parts

Printing a Date or Time in a Specified Format

Finding the Difference of Two Dates

Finding the Difference of Two Dates with Julian Days

Finding the Day in a Week, Month, or Year

Validating a Date

Parsing Dates and Times from Strings

Adding to or Subtracting from a Date

Calculating Time with Time Zones

Accounting for Daylight Savings Time

Generating a High-Precision Time

Generating Time Ranges

Using Non-Gregorian Calendars

Using Dates Outside the Range of an Epoch Timestamp

Program: Calendar

Chapter 4 Arrays

Introduction

Specifying an Array Not Beginning at Element 0

Storing Multiple Elements Per Key in an Array

Initializing an Array to a Range of Integers

Iterating Through an Array

Deleting Elements from an Array

Changing Array Size

Appending One Array to Another

Turning an Array into a String

Printing an Array with Commas

Checking if a Key Is in an Array

Checking if an Element Is in an Array

Finding the Position of a Value in an Array

Finding Elements That Pass a Certain Test

Finding the Largest or Smallest Valued Element in an Array

Reversing an Array

Sorting an Array

Sorting an Array by a Computable Field

Sorting Multiple Arrays

Sorting an Array Using a Method Instead of a Function

Randomizing an Array